94 FORESTRY INVESTIGATIONS U. S. DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. 



largely employed in shipbuilding, possesses all the good qualities (except that of size) of white oak, even to a 

 greater degree. It is one of the heaviest, hardest, and most durable building timbers of this country; in struc- 

 ture it resembles the red oaks, but is much less porous. 



81. White oak (Querent alha): Medium to large sized tree, common in the Eastern States, Ohio and Mississippi 

 valleys; occurs throughout eastern United States. 



85. Bur oak (Quereus macrocarpa) (mossy-cup oak, over-cup oak): Large-sized tree, locally abundant, common. 

 Bottoms west of Mississippi; range farther west than preceding. 



86. Swamp white oak (Quereus platanoides) : Large-sized tree, common. Most abundant in the Lake States, but 

 with range as in white oak. 



87. Chinquapin oak (Quereus acuminata) (chestnut oak): Medium-sized tree. Southern Alleghenies, eastward 

 to Massachusetts. 



88. Basket oak (Quereus miclianxii) (cow oak): Large-sized tree, locally abundant; Lower Mississippi and 

 eastward to Delaware. 



89. Over-cup oak (Quereus hjraia) (swamp white oak, swamp post oak): Medium to large sized tree, rather 

 restricted ; ranges as in the preceding. 



90. Post oak (Quereus minor) (iron oak): Medium to large sized tree. Arkansas to Texas, eastward to New 

 England and northward to Michigan. 



91. Chestnut oak (Quereus prinus) : Medium to large sized tree. Throughout the Allegheny Mountains. 



92. White oak (Quereus garryana) : Medium to large sized tree. Washington to California. 



93. White oak (Quereus lobata) : Medium to large sized tree; largest oak on the Pacific coast; California. 



94. Red oak (Quereus rubra) (black oak) : Medium to large sized tree; common in all parts of its range. Maine 

 to Minnesota, and southward to the Gulf.' 



95. Black oak (Quereus celutina) (yellow oak) : Medium to large sized tree; very common in the Southern States, 

 but occurring north as far as Minnesota, and eastward to Maine. 



96. Spanish oak (Quereus digitata) (red oak) : Medium-sized tree, common in the South Atlantic and Gulf region, 

 but [bund from Texas to New York, and north to Missouri and. Kentucky. 



97. Scarlet oak (Quereus coechiea): Medium to large sized tree; best developed in the lower basin of the Ohio, 

 but found from Maine to Missouri, and from Minnesota to Florida. 



98. Pin oak (Quereus pahtstris) (swamp Spanish oak, water oak): Medium to large si, ed tree, common along 

 borders of streams and swamps. Arkansas to Wisconsin, and eastward to the Alleghenies. 



99. W T illow oak (Quereus plidlos) (peach oak): Small to medium sized tree. New York to Texas, and northward 

 to Kentucky. 



100. Water oak (Quereus nigra) (duck oak, possum oak, punk oak): Medium to large sized tree, of extremely 

 rapid growth. Eastern Gulf States, eastward to Delaware and northward to Missouri and Kentucky. 



101. Live oak (Quereus virg'nuana) : Small-sized tree, scattered along the coast from Virginia to Texas. 



102. Live oak (Quereus chrysolepis) (maul oak, Valparaiso oak): Medium-sized tree; California. 

 Osage orange. 



103. Osage orange (Toxylon pomifer urn) (Bois d'Are) : Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, not tough, of 

 moderately coarse texture, and very durable; sapwood yellow, heart brown on the end, yellow on longitudi- 

 nal faces, soon turning grayish brown if exposed; it shrinks considerably in drying, but once dry it stands 

 unusually well. Formerly much used for wheel stock in the dry regions of Texas; otherwise employed for 

 posts, railway ties, etc. Seems too little appreciated; it is well suited foi turned ware and especially for 

 wook carving. A small-sized tree of fairly rapid growth, scattered through the rich bottoms of Arkansas 

 and Texas. 



Persimmon, 



104. Persimmon (Biospyros virginiana) : Wood very heavy and hard, strong and tough; resembles hickory, but 

 is of liner texture; the broad sapwood cream color, the heart black; used in turnery for shuttles, plane 

 stocks, shoe lasts, etc. Small to medium sized tree, common aud best developed in the lower Ohio Valley, 

 but occurs from New York to Texas and Missouri. 



Poplar and cottonwood (see also Tulip wood). — Wood light, very soft, not strong, of fine texture and whitish, grayish 

 to yellowish color, usually with a satiny luster. The wook shrinks moderately (some crossgrained forms warp 

 excessively), but checks little; is easily worked, but is not durable. Used as building and furniture lumber, in 

 cooperage for sugar and Hour barrels, for crates and boxes (especially cracker boxes), for wooden ware and 

 paper pulp. 



105. Cottonwood (Populus deltoides): Large-sized tree; forms considerable forests along many of the Western 

 streams, and furnishes most of the cottonwood of the market. Mississippi Valley and west; New England 

 to the Rocky Mountains. 



106. Balsam (Populus lalsamifera) (balm of Gilead) : Medium to large-sized tree; common all along the northern 

 boundary of the United States. 



107. Black cottonwood (Populus trielioearpa) : The largest deciduous tree of Washington ; very common. North- 

 ern Rocky Mountains and Paciiic region. 



108. Cottonwood (Populus fremontii var. wlslizeni): Medium to large-sized tree; common. Texas to California. 



109. Poplar (Populus grandidentata) : Medium-sized tree, chiefly used for pulp. Maine to Minnesota and south- 

 ward along the Alleghenies. 



110. Aspen (Populus tremuloides): Small to medium-sized tree, often forming extensive forests and covering 

 burned areas. Maine to Washington and northward; south in the Western mountains to California and 

 New Mexico. 



