AMERICAN WOODS. 



103 



The ashes, elms, hickories, and oaks may, on casual observation, appear to resemble one another on account of 

 the pronounced zone of porous spring wood. The sharply denned large pith rays of the oak exclude these at once; 

 the wavy lines of pores in the summer wood, appearing as conspicuous, finely feathered hatchings on tangential 

 section, distinguish the elms; while the ashes differ from the hickory by the very conspicuously defined zone of 

 spring- wood pores, which in hickory appear more or less interrupted. The reddish hue of the hickory and the more 

 or less brown hue of the ash may also aid in ready recognition. The smooth, radial surface of split hickory will 

 readily separate it from the rest. 



Fig. 8.— Wood of ash: A % black ash; B, white ash; O, #reen ash. 



Fig. 9.— Wood of red oak. (For white oak see fig. 5.) 



|sM«» 



Fig. 10.— Wood of chestnut. 



The different species of ash may be identified as follows : 



1. Pores in the summer wood more or less united into lines, 



a. The lines short and broken, occurring mostly near the limit of the ring White aslu 



K The lines quite long and conspicuous in most parts of the summer wood , (treen ash, 



