230 



FORESTRY INVESTIGATIONS U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULUURE. 



the valley of the Rhine, the Palatinate, and Lower Pranconia, where tho beech forests cover as 

 high as 80 per cent of the forest area. 



In 1860 the total cut for the kingdom was 275 million cubic feet of stem wood, 35 million cubic 



feet of branch wood, 30 million cubic feet of stump wood, making a total of 340 million cubic feet, 

 and was divided as follows: 



State forests 



Coiporation forests 

 I'm ate ioiests ... 



Pii cent 



oi total 



cut 



19 

 14 

 40 5 



Yield pel 

 acre 



Cubic ft 

 58 

 46 



47 



Total 



100 



51 



For the State forests alone the cut in 1894 of wood over 3 inches, excluding branch and stump 

 wood, was 55 cubic feet per acre, and included saw and other timber, 55 million cubic feet; cord 

 wood (exclusive of branches and stumps), 64 million cubic feet. 



The financial results for the 2.16 million acres of State iorests were, in 1894: Total income, 

 $8,100,000, or $3.71 per acre; total expense, $3,881,000, or $1.78 per acre; net income, $4,219,000, 

 or $1.93 per acre. 



Compared to other small States of Germany, particularly Saxony and Wurttemberg, the net 

 revenue per acre of forest is decidedly low; but it must not be forgotten that a considerable part 

 of these State forests is situated in the high Alps, where the difficulties of removing the timber 

 have so far been very great, and the value of timber consequently very small. Thus, fine timber 

 trees, worth $50 to $100 on the markets of the lower Ehine, are worth little over $1 apiece in these 

 Alpine districts. 



As might be expected, the permanent improvements of the forests, particularly the construc- 

 tion of highways and roads, still require large sums every year. Thus, in 1894, Bavaria spent 

 over 1,000,000 marks ($250,000) on road construction. 



The management of the forests is quite similar to that of the other German States. The 

 Eevierfdrster, corresponding to the Prussian Oberforster, is the responsible manager of each 

 district. The districts are quite large; they include usually about 5,000 acres of State forest, so 

 that one Eevierforster is usually 6 to 10 miles from his neighbor. 



For all State and corporation forests, an area of a little over 3 million acres, there are 609 

 Eevierforster or managers, 1,589 guards and assistants, besides 175 accountants and 107 superior 

 officials. The manager or Eevierforster makes and executes the plans and keeps the records for 

 the woods of his district. 



As in Wurttemberg, rational measures for the proper use and treatment of forests of Bavaria 

 date back to the beginning of the seventeenth century. As early as 1616 a forest law was 

 passed which embodied all that seemed at that time desirable. This law was modified, some 

 complications arising from the change of size and form of the kingdom, and also through the 

 radical views promulgated during the second half of the eighteenth century. On the whole, 

 however, Bavaria remained conservative, which in view of its large mountain forests must be 

 regarded as particularly fortunate. 



The establishment of the forest school at Munich took place about 1789, when a general 

 reorganization occurred, and the functions of the forester changed from those of a hunter to those 

 of a producer of timber. 



WURTTEMBERGi-. 



This little State, with an area of about 4,820,000 acres, or about one-seventh that of 

 Wisconsin, and a population of little over 2,000,000 people, ranks among the most conservative as 

 well as the most successful among the commonwealths of Europe. In matters of forestry this 

 State began proper measures as early as 1614, when laws were inaugurated for the proper 

 treatment of forest properties, which remain fundamental to this day. These early laws, which 

 made the proper care of forests obligatory to all and forbade both forest devastation and clearing 

 (the latter possible only on permit), were properly enforced and maintained even through the 



