262 



FORESTRY INVESTIGATIONS U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



condition at the time of giving up his land. Similarly, the department has expended large sums 

 in establishing forests in parts of the arid regions of Beluchistan, and on the whole has expended 

 about $150,000 during 1894-95 on cultural operations, which up to that time involved about 

 76,000 acres of regular plantations and 30,000 acres taungyas (mostly teak), making a total of 

 112,000 acres, besides numerous large areas where the work consisted merely in aiding natural 

 reproduction. 



In disposing of its timber the Government of India employs various methods. In some of 

 the forest districts the people merely pay a small tax and get out of the woods what and as much 

 as they need. In other cases the logger merely pays for what he removes, the amount he fells 

 being neither limited in quantity nor quality. The prevalent systems, however, are the permit 

 system, where a permit is issued indicating the amount to be cut and the price to be paid for the 

 same, and the contract system, where the work is more or less under control of government officers 

 and the material remains government property until paid for. To a limited extent the State carries 

 on its own timber exploitation, as appears from the following figures, where the cut for 1894-95 for 

 the entire country is given : 



Kind and quantity of product 



Rem cued by- 



State. Purchaser. 



Timber (1,000 cubic ieot) 

 Fuel (1,000 cubic leet) ... 

 Bamboos (1,000 pieces) .. 

 Minor products ($1,000) . . 



5,700 



28, 000 



1, 600 



90 



39, 900 



69, 000 



132, 200 



1,300 



In spite of the many difficulties, a poor market (no market at all for a large number of woods), 

 wild, unsurveyed, and practically unknown woodlands, requiring unusual and costly methods of 

 organization and protection, the forestry department has succeeded, without curtailing the timber 

 output of India, in so regulating forest exploitation as to insure not only a permanence in the output, 

 but also to improve the woodlands by favoring the valuable species, and thus prepare for an 

 increase of output for the future, and at the same time has yielded the Government a steadily 

 growing revenue, which bids fair to rank before long among the important sources of income. 



The growth of both gross and net revenue is illustrated by the following figures: 



Tcaily income during the period — 



1870-1874 

 1875-1879 

 1880-1884 

 1885-1889 

 1890-1894 



Gross m 

 come 



$2,810,000 

 J, 3 JO, 000 



4, 408, 000 



5, 834, 000 



7 074, 000 



Expense s 



$1,960,000 

 2, 288 000 



2, 806 000 



3, 713, 000 



4, 206 000 



Fiopoition 

 ol expense 

 to income 



Pei cent 

 70 

 69 

 64 

 64 

 5i 



From this it is clear that in India as in Europe not only the gross but also the net income has 

 become greater in proportion as a better organization is permitted to expend more money on the 

 care of the forests. 



During the year 1894-95 the income from State forests was distributed as follows: 



Wood $6,170,000 



Minor products 670,000 



Grazing 780,000 



Other incomes 750,000 



Total income 8,370,000 



The expenditures for the same year were : 



For administration (pay of officers, foresters, etc.) $2,200,000 



For cutting timber and removing it 1,350,000 



Other work 760,000 



Forest school 46,000 



Total recurring expenses 4,356, 000 



For survey and other extraordinary work 300,000 



Total expenditure 4,656,000 



leaving a net revenue of $3,714,000, or 44 per cent of the gross income. 



