148 FOREST PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION 
immunity from attack and injury, although in the regions of Houl- 
ton, according to the observations of Mr. Wm. C. Woods reported 
by Dr. O. A. Johannsen in Bulletin No. 210 of the Maine Experi- 
ment Station, the white spruce was second only to the balsam fir 
in susceptibility. However, there can be no doubt of the accuracy 
of our observations, and they are confirmed by those of Mr. Shepard, 
extended over a much larger area of this region. Indeed, the com- 
parative immunity of white spruce was first pointed out by him. 
It is possible that some unknown local condition may be responsible 
for this difference in the two localities. 
Several days were spent in making observations in Townships 
7-R-12, 6-R-11, 5-R-11 and 6-R-12, all but the last of which are 
included in the holdings of the Lincoln Pulp Wood Company. 
While the conditions here are not so bad as in the Lily Bay region, 
there is evidence everywhere of a very severe and injurious infesta- 
tion. In many localities, especially in the denser portions of the 
forests where conditions have remained undisturbed by the lum- 
bermen for years, practically all of the larger firs and often-times 
as much as from 40 to 50 per cent of the larger red spruce have 
been killed by the bud-moth within the last few years. The hem- 
lock has also suffered a high mortality and much of the younger 
growth of spruce and balsam has been severely injured,—some of 
it past recovery. 
A number of trees, some recently dead, others apparently dying, 
and others seriously and nearly completely defoliated, were felled 
in order to examine them for boring insects, either bark beetles, 
weevil or others, which might follow the attack of the bud-worm 
and contribute to the death of the trees weakened by defoliation. 
In the balsam fir, the larve of the “sawyer” Monohammus scutella- 
tus were nearly invariably found in recently killed trees. Some of 
these had doubtless entered the tree while it was still alive and 
sappy, but in a weakened condition, but the majority had certainly 
entered trees injured past hopes of recovery. Many of the balsams, 
though by no means all of them, had been attacked by the balsam 
bark beetle Pityokteines sparsus Lec. (Ips balsameus Lec.) and the 
weevil Pissodes dubius in the trunk regions, while the smaller limbs 
and twigs harbored numerous broods of another small bark beetle 
Cryphalus balsamous Hopk. There is no doubt that in some cases 
all three of these forms had entered and ensured the death of trees 
which had been much weakened by the budworm and which other- 
wise might have recovered. It is equally certain that in the 
majority of cases the trees had been either killed or weakened 
