FOREST PROTECTION 137 



(d) Prior Treatment: 



Partial logging, leaving a freshly bared front 

 exposed to the prevailing storm; 



Standards over coppice; 



Single seedtrees over regeneration; 



Borggreve thinnings; 



Turpentining by the box system; 



Interference with anchorage of roots by making 

 ditches or roads. 



(e) Shape op trees: 



Cylindrical trees are more top heavy than coni- 

 cal trees. 



(f) Accompanying circumstances: 



Heavy rains soaking the soil; 



Heavy seed years when the tops of the trees are 



loaded with cones; 

 Sleet; 

 Snow. 



C. Preventive measures: 



(a) Sylviculturally; 



Ball planting, deep planting, sod covering on 



shifting sand. 

 Fostering hardwoods or mixture therewith; 

 Early and moderate and regular thinnings; 

 Pruning or lopping to reduce top-heaviness; 

 No standards; 



No single tree method of natural seed regeneration; 

 Proper preparation in due time of trees intended 



for an isolated position; 

 Short rotations. 



(b) Technically: 



Avoidance of logging methods leaving points 

 favorable to the attack of storms; 



Progress of the axe against the direction of the 

 barometric minima; 



Herty method of terpentining; 



Proper "cutting series;" 



Timely "severance cuttings." 



D. Restrictive Measures: 



Readiness of means of transportation (railroads and roads) after 



wind falls; 

 Removing the bark from wind falls; 

 Throwing wind falls in water. 



