32 ONE YEAR OLD STOCK. 
have met with but little success in growing this 
variety as a standard. All other kinds that we have 
under culture do better as standards. By a simple 
and judicious system of pruning, I find little diffi- 
culty in bringing them into bearing the fourth or 
fifth year from the time of planting. Nor is the 
fruit inferior in quality on our soil, although speci- 
mens of the same variety are frequently larger on 
the dwarf than on the standard. 
The majority of our Duchesse d’Angouléme trees 
have become standards by pushing out roots from 
the pear stocks, but they are more profitable than 
when planted on pearroots, The standard Duchesse, 
or those originally having pear roots, that we have 
in the orchard, are less productive, and the fruit is 
inferior in size and quality. 
For many years during our early experience in 
pear culture, we planted trees in the orchard not 
less than two years old, believing that younger trecs 
would not do as well. On this point we have 
changed both opinion and practice, and we now 
select well-grown, one year old stock, in preference 
to all others, for the following reasons: trees of this 
age cost about one-half as much; when planted in 
the orchard, they will become more uniform in 
shape and size, with less labor; the purchaser will 
get more roots in comparison with the tops; and the 
