64 AN UPWARD AND OUTWARD GROWTIL 
weakest are near the ground. The plan of pruning 
should then be directed to check in degree the up- 
ward flow of sap, so that it may be disseminated in 
the lower branches, strengthening the weak ones, 
and developing the dormant buds. Unless these 
preventive measures are at once taken with treeg 
grown so closely together as in the nursery row, tha 
buds on many of the lower branches will certainly 
not unfold. When a one or two-years old tree ig 
planted in the garden or orchard, it is a simple and 
easy matter to change the flow of sap from the top 
branches to those nearer the ground. Butif neg- 
lected for several years, it becomes a difficult task, 
or the mistake is discovered when it is too late to 
remedy it 
To prune for a pyramidal tree, each branch 
should be longer than the one immediately above it, 
and the plan of the operator should be to encourage 
an upward and outward growth, and always to leave 
the tree open enough to admit the sun and air, other- 
wise the fruit near the body of the tree will be mis- 
shapen and unmarketable. 
If the grower is very anxious to have regularly 
formed trees, a bud may be inserted, when necessary 
to fill up a vacant space. 
Some varieties, such as the Duchesse d’Angou- 
léme, Flemish Beauty, Urbaniste, Sheldon and Bart- 
