UPWARD AND OUTWARD. %3 
of in the following March; for the amount of food 
necessary to bring these useless shoots to maturity 
will then be appropriated by the remaining branches. 
In summer as well as in winter pruning, the main 
object should never be lost sight of; to encourage 
the growth upward and outward, leaving the tree 
open enough to admit air and light. 
Let me repeat once more, summer pruning must 
be performed with care and judgment. Many va- 
rieties will come into bearing in four or five years 
from the time of planting. On these kinds summer 
pinching is unnecessary, for it should be borne in 
mind that a young tree, to maintain a healthy con- 
dition, must continue to make new wood as well as 
to produce fruit. 
There are many ways of changing trees from 
wood making to fruit making. I have pursued a 
simple and easy method thus to alter the habits of 
a tree. During March and April, or July and 
August, on trees not inclined to produce fruit, I 
select some young shoots, in different places on the 
tree, and carefully bend them into the form of rings. 
Fruit spurs, as in fig. 8, will appear on the curved 
portions, certainly within two years. This plan I 
prefer to the one usually practised, of bending and 
tying the end of the long branches to the body of 
the tree. In the former case the fruit spurs will be 
4 
