ALL NEW VARIETIES. 107 
in our history as a nation has there been greater 
need of practical and definite information on the 
subject of horticulture than at present. 
All new varieties must be obtained by sowing 
seed and waiting patiently for such seedlings to pro- 
duce fruit. This was a slow and tedious process, 
taking from fifteen to twenty-five years, before 
enough data could be gained, either to recommend 
or to discard a seedling. This length of time, how- 
ever, has been overcome, and now, with the practi- 
cal application of budding, grafting and pruning, 
the same results can be secured in five years that 
formerly took a quarter of a century. 
Par Srock.—The established varieties are easily 
multiplied by budding and grafting. What are 
known as standards, are budded or grafted on pear 
roots; and dwarfs are those worked on the Angers 
Quince roots, which make a good union with some 
varieties of the pear. 
Although pear suckers are sometimes used for 
stock, seedlings are always preferable for this pur- 
pose. The business of growing seedlings for stock 
is quite distinct from the general nursery trade, and 
many who propagate pear trees on a large scale, 
purchase their stock from some one here, or import 
their yearly supply. 
In order to grow healthy seedlings for stock, the 
