29. 



' To measure the quantity- of' manure -applied per acre, the total tons 

 applied were divided by. the_ total acres in vineyard, including both the acres 

 manured and not manured* According to this measure there were 60 vineyards, 

 .or 11 percent, on. ?/hich.,;the §;vQr a g.e. aU0nt;ity ot^.. manure per acre amounted to. 

 3 tons or more*^ For' those vineyards which received the most manure, the 

 average cost per ton of grape-s exceeded the cost' for vineyards that received 

 no manure by $9.6^ per ton, an increased cost- of S7 percent. The return 

 per hour of labor' averaged 23 cents 'for vineynrds that- received no manure 

 compared with 11 cents for vineyards* receiving 3 tons or more of manure. For 

 each of the 11 ari3as 'or soil types' g-ivon In table 22, *thc group of vineya"rds 

 treated with little or no manure had the lowest growing co-sts per ton of 

 grapes and the hi*ghest returns per hour of labor. 



As has' been shov/n, the- fertility practice' in a given year tends to 

 be the one usually followed oh that facrm.- For this reason, all of the manure 

 and fertilizer used during the yer:rwero -included in the cost. 



Probably the vineycxds' not manured- tended to be on s ome v; hat "heft er 

 land than the' manured' vineyards . The value of the land averaged $146 per 

 acre for the non-manured vineyards and $114 for the vineyards that received 

 the most m^mure. • The- tendency would* be to keep more livestock on the farms 

 not so: well adapted to fruit. ^ 



Effect on G-rape Yields 



'For all areas except Arkansas, groV/ers who did not apply manure,^ did 

 apply large a|)plications of commercial fertilizers, amounting on the average 

 to 22 pounds of nitrogen per acre, (table 23.") Growers using thfe most manure 

 used the least fertilizer-, an- avera^ge of but 6.3 pounds of nitrogen per acre. 



For thbse vineyards wh^ro little or noncommercial fertilizer was used, 

 an applicatioh of* 3 tons or mere of manure per acre Increased the yield about 

 6 percent. Otit of 271 vineyai^ds fertilized and manured approximately the 

 same in 1927 ds in 1928, there wore only 9 vine3Aards which received rel-^tively 

 heav;^^ applications of -both manure and fertilizer. Thc-applicati ens on these 

 9 vineycrds averaged 5.67 tons of m^mure per acre and 19.8 - pounds of nitrogen 

 in the form of commercial* fertilizer. The average yield for these 9 vino- 

 yards was 16 percent above th^ average. The yields for the 64 vineyards 

 receiving no itanure and 30*4 pounds of nitrogen in commercial fertilizers, 

 were 9. percent above the average. 



COTEI"^ CROPS 



Extent of Use 



• The vicinity of Girard, Pa., vvas the only area studied v/here most of. 

 the vineyard acreage was seeded to cover crops in 1928.- Seventy-six percent 

 of the Girard acreage vjas -'thus seeded, (table '24») 



In the North East,Pa», and Michigan areas, about 3 acres out of 10 

 wore seeded to cover crops in 1928; In the Chautauqua Co., N.Y. , Arkansas, 

 and the "Hudson Valley areas about 2 acres out of 10 v/ore seeded. Little seed- 

 ing of cover crops ?;as done in the Finger Lakes aroa, and no seeding was done 

 in 1928 on the 20 vineyards studied in Niagara County, N. Y. 



