were outstanding and their contributions are too numerous to name and to cite in a paper 
of this length and nature. The results of research have been covered briefly but com- 
pletely in chronological order (Gibbons, Lee, Johnson, and Robinson, 1949; Lee, 1952; 
Udall, 1954; Lee, 1956). The symptoms and lesions also cannot be given for lack of time, 
but they are described and illustrated in publications (USDA, 1954; USDA, 1959; Udall, 
1954). 
When it was proved that some bread crumbs being fed to cattle were toxic A.R.S. 
reported it to the Food and Drug Administration on July 12, 1951. When it was also later 
proved that the milk of cows fed these bread crumbs would kill the calf this was also 
reported to the Food and Drug Administration. They made extensive investigations and 
did everything possible, but the cause of the toxicity, or the chemical or the important 
commodity concerned was not known. The only tests to show toxicity was the bovine, 
through its peculiar symptoms. The bakeries concerned soldno more crumbs and changed 
about everything they were using. All parties concerned agreed it would be best not to 
inform the public about the breadand milk being poisonous as it would not help and nothing 
could be done about it that was not already being done. 
By February 1952 it had been proved in this research that a certain pelleted alfalfa 
feed, a particular batch of breadcrumbs from the slicer, a certain timothy hay, a German 
wood preservative, and a lubricant would produce the disease. In February 1952, Agri- 
cultural Research Service set upan experimentat Beltsville, Md., in its Animal Husbandry 
Research Division, which proved that lubricants for greasing pellet machines went into 
the pellets. 
It has been proved that highly chlorinated naphthalene is the only cause of the specific 
cattle entity with which the research was concernedand that the greatest amount of it was 
being produced by the feeding of pellets contaminated with lubricants containing highly 
chlorinated naphthalene to lubricate the pellet machines. The Department issued a warning 
in March 1953 and judging from results obtained this chemical has not been in the lubri- 
cants used on pellet machines since. If so, it has been a lower percentage of the chemical 
than in the 3 percent and the 10 percent formerly used, or it has been of lower chlorina- 
tion than tetrachloronaphthalene. 
Only by research can better ways be found than the trial and error methods of the 
past in learning about industrial chemical contamination of livestock feed. None of these 
severe livestock losses have been the fault of livestock feed companies, or intentional on 
the part of industry. They have been due to a lack of research knowledge on the part of 
all concerned. 
REFERENCES 
1. Anonymous 1951. Nutrition Review, 9-284. 
2. Allcroft, R. 1951. Lead poisoning in cattle and sheep. Am.J. Vet. Res. 04.5045-590. 
3. Allen, M. J., and Boyland, E. 1957. Cancer of the urinary bladder nduces in mice 
with metabolites of aromatic amines and tryptophane. British Jour. Cancer. 
11:212-228. 
4. American College of Veterinary Toxicologists. 1960. A study of chronic fluorosis 
in livestock. A documented film strip. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 
5. Anderson, W. A., and Davis, C. L. 1957. Neoplasms of the genitalia of the bovine. 
Proceedings -Symposium on Fertility and Reproduction. Colorado State University. 
pp. 41-49. 
6. Anderson, Wayne A., Monlux, A. W., and Davis,C. L. 1958. Epithelial tumors of the 
bovine gallbladder--A report of eighteen cases. Am. J. Vet. Res. 19:58-65. 
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