Fairly satisfectcry control measures are available for all these 
insects. 
Fruit and Nut Crops 
(Table 7) 
Apples and Pears 
In the absence of contrel measures, the losses due to the ccedli 
moth renge fron 10 te 20 percent in the extreme northern anpple- and 
pesrepreduicing areas, to a near total loss in most other preducing 
areas in the United States. For many years lead arsenate wes the 
standar¢ insecticide, but despite its extensive and intensive use, 
losses were heavy in many areas, often reaching 50 percent or mere. 
Since 196, DDT has been the standard insecticide, and through its 
use losses have beer held to a low level, generally around 1 to 5 
percent. In the last year or so injury has increased in some 
localities. It has not been determined whether this is due to more 
favorable conditions for the insect or to the development of resis- 
tance. Damage to pears is generzlly less serious than to anrles. 
Walnuts are also subject to attack by the cedling moth. 
Based on a knowledge of the problem and records of damage in ex- 
perimental plots in four representative localities, it is cconserva- 
tively estimated that the average annual loss of crop, in spite of 
contrcl measures, during the period 1942-195] was about 1] percent, 
or nearly $28,)):27,000 in apples and $7,712,000 in nears. 
Apples grown in the Northesstern and Great Lakes States are oftan 
rendered nearly worthless by the turmeling of the apple mageot. 
According to data presented at the meeting of the North Central 
States Branch, Entomological Society of America, March 19-20, 1953, 
the heaviest damage ($600,000) by the maggot. in the North Central 
States occurred in Wisconsin in 1952. The estimated loss in these 
States for 1952, including money spent in control, was well over 
$1,500,000. Annual losses would be somewhat greater in New York 
and New Englanc. The anmuial loss due to the. apple maggot in the 
area of infestation, estimated on the basis of the above report sand 
general information and observation, is 3 percent and amounts to 
about $4,200,000. This maggot is also a serious pest of blueberries, 
but there is no basis for estimating the loss to or ccst of treatment 
of this crop on account of it. 
Citrus 
Scale insects, mealybugs, aphids, thrips, and mites are the major 
pests of citrus. They may seriously affect the set of fruit and 
lower the productiveness of the trees for several years, as well as 
reduce the quality and grade of fruit. In California and Arizona 
a tree may never fully recover from a heavy infestation of the 
California red scale. Citrus losses in California caused by insects, 
in spite of control measures, might equal the annual cost of control, 
which averages about $7,053,000. 
BSE 
