$10 million annually. In addition to this direct loss, large 
sums are expended by State and Federal agencies, nurserymen,. and 
private individuals to control the beetles and to enforce and 
comply with quarantine regulations to retard and prevent their 
spread. 
Peaches 
Hall scale infests the bark, twigs, leaves, and fruit of decidu- 
ous fruit and nut trees. It was introduced into California prior 
to 193 and is known to attack almond, peach, apricot, nectarine, 
plum, pear, apple, and cherry trees. Although now confined to a 
limited area in Butte and Yolo Counties, it is a potential pest 
in all stone-fruit sections of the United States. 
One heavy infestation on peach trees caused a 25-percent loss 
to a 12—<scre orchard each year for 3 years in spite of an inten- 
sive spray program. In addition to the serious losses resulting 
from the killing of fruit spurs and reduction in grade, control 
costs amounting to approximately $25 per acre per year would be 
necessary to effect control if the insect became strongly estab- 
lished. 
The peach crop east of the Rocky Mountains suffers heaviest 
losses due to the plum curculio, but apples, cherries, plums, and 
pears often suffer considerable injury. With the advent of more 
effective insecticides than lead arsenate, the insecticide formerly 
depended upon for control, former estimates of annual losses of 
15 percent of the crop appear much too high. Data from Georgia 
and experimental plots in other major producing areas indicate 
current losses of about 5 percent. 
No satisfactory estimates of losses due to curculio injury to 
apples, cherries, plums, and pears are available. However, damage 
to apples would be not more than about 1 or 2 percent. 
The oriental fmit moth formerly damaged from 20 to 50 percent 
of the peach and quince crop. Use of the new insecticides has 
reduced this loss by 80 to 90 percent or more; in fact, use of 
parathion for curculio control may hold oriental fruit moth damage 
to a low level without further spraying. For the period 192<51, 
the annual marketable peach crop east of the Rocky Mountains was 
reduced by lh percent because of the oriental fruit moth. 
Pecans 
Nearly every year the size and quality of the pecan crop are 
markedly reduced throughout the Pecan Belt by the feeding of the 
hickory shuckworm, an insect for which there is no practical method 
of control. Evidence secured in 1952 indicates that the effect of 
its feeding on nut quality may be much greater than has been 
realized. The pecan nut casebearer causes heavy losses in some 
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