years and some loss every year, and the pecans weevil causes serious 
losses in scattered orchards every year. The annual reduction in 
the size and quality of the pecan crop due to these insects is 25 
percent, 15 percent for the shuckworm and 5 percent for each of 
the other insects. This is an annual loss of $9,046,900. 
Vegetable Crops 
(Table B) 
Beans 
Bean crops of all kinds, whether for processing, fresh market, 
seed, or for sale as dry edible beans, are damaged by insects. 
Root maggots and wireworms attack the sprouting seeds and young 
plants before they emerge. Cutworms and the southern cornstalk 
borer attack the stems of the young plants. The Mexican bean 
beetle, leafhoppers, aphids, spider mites, thrips, leaf miners, 
cucumber beetles, slugs, and various caterpillars attack the foliage. 
In some areas the bean pods are damaged by the corn earworm, the 
bean cutworm, and lygus bugs. In Califomia the lima-bean pods are 
attacked by the lima-bean pod borer. In the South the canning crop 
of cowpeas, or blackeye beans, is damaged by the cowpea curculio, 
which feeds within the immature seeds and may cause them to be re= 
jected for processing. During the period 1942-51 the major losses 
were probably caused by root maggots, wireworms, the Mexican bean 
beetle, leafhoppers, and spider mites. The lima-bean pod borer 
caused little damage during this period. 
The development of control measures for irrigated-land wireworms 
and the potato leafhopper greatly reduced losses due to these in- 
sects. However, losses due to rqot maggots, spider mites, and 
aphids increased, and availabie control measures were inadequate. 
The Mexican bean beetle continued to spread and caused heavy losses 
in spite of fairly satisfactory control measures. Direct annual 
loss to bean crops due to the Mexican bean beetle has been esti- 
mated at $3,593,000. No reliable data, however, are available on 
the total losses to beans by all insects. 
Cole Crops 
Cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, brussels sprouts, tumips, kale, 
and mustard are severely damaged by about the same insects. Losses 
are particularly heavy in the southern part of the country. During 
the period 1928-32, cabbage caterpillars alone reduced the yield of 
marketable cabbage from 3 to 30 percent in different parts of the 
United States, or an average of about 20 percent. Since that time 
these losses have been reduced by improved control measures to 
approximately 8 percent, or about $7,902,900 annually. 
In addition to more than a dozen caterpillars, the harlequin bug, 
-wegetable weevil, and several species of root maggots, wireworms, 
leaf beetles, and aphids attack cole crops. Control measures are 
