cake, and therefore must be considered lost. While there is 
general agreement as to the losses in the hulling operation, 
the efficiency of the pressing operation has not been definitely 
established. The tabulated loss estimates are based on the 1952 
crop rather than on an averege of 1942-51. This crop was the 
first one in several years to reflect the production from the 
present number of tung trees, since freezes in the two preceding 
seasons cut production. 
Fruit Crops (Table 17) 
Adequate and accurate data are not available on losses occurring 
in the processing of fruits. For example, companies can give 
figures on yield of cases of canned fruit, per ton of incoming 
fruit, but not on losses in preparation and subsequent handling. 
The number of cases per ton is not adequate for several reasons: 
(1) The edible loss is not known and calculated losses include 
inedible portions; (2) leaching losses occur, replacing nutritive 
solids by water, sirup, or brine; and (3) cans are filled with 
both fruit and sirup, the fruit varying by size and grade and the 
sirup varying in density. 
Only loss of edible material has been estimated. For example, 
in the production of orange juice there is a loss of skin and 
seeds and inedible and edible stee which cannot be or is not. 
extrected by available methods. The wextracted juice, later 
uttliced in cattle feed, is considered as a food loss. 
Edible losses occur in several places along the processing line; 
Preparation losses result from excessive peeling and trimming; 
flesh removal when a fruit is pitted; juices lost through handling; 
removal of culls, moldy fruit, and otherwise undesirable material; 
and removal of outside protective leaves. Not considered as edible 
losses are peel, stems, caps, pits, and seeds. 
Leaching is always a problem with cut material. Leaching losses 
can only be guessed because of inadequate data and variable pro=- 
cessing conditions throughout the country. When water blanching 
and/or fluring are employed, losses are high. Nominal allowances 
for leaching losses are included in the tables. 
Respiratory losses may occur in any fruit helc before processing. 
Pears are particularly susceptible, as they are picked green and 
allowed to ripen. Dried fruits held in sweat boxes until packaging 
also lose weight. Respiratory and other storage losses are in- 
cluded in the tables. 
Vegetable Crops (Table 18) 
Many of the comments relating to fruit-processing losses are 
equally applicatle to vegetables. The estimates cover the destruc- 
- 1)7 - 
