Table 2.--Major lepidopteran pests that have viruses and can be reared on artificial diets 


Species 

Beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua 
(Hiibner)).. 
Cabbage looper (Tetonoplisia ni 
(Hubner) ) 
Codling moth (Campocapsa pomonela 
(Gia) eae 
Corn earworm (Heliothis. zea (Boddie) ) 
Cotton leafworm (Alabama ar argillacea 
(Hiibner)). 
Fall armyworm (Laphygma frigiperda 
(OPAVES peSMiliG in) Peis Asi. wich cle Sislete wiatete ets 
Red-banded leaf roller (Argyrotaenia 
velutinana (Walker)). sieeve 
European spruce budworm '(Ghoristoneura 
fumiferana (Clemens) ) 
Saltemarsh caterpillar (Estigmene 
acrea (Drury) ) 
Yellow-striped armyworm (Prodenia 
ornithogalli Guenee). 
Tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens 
(Abs we 
Alfalfa looper (Autographa 
CaleEnOrn cam l(ODeVie Tic crete nisl cure flea 6 ¢ 
Pink bollworm (Pectinophora 
gossypiella (Saunders) ) 
©, 6:10 @ ¢ 0 @ 6 0: e eevee @ 06 6/0 0 ¢ 6-0 @ 
Che Cie FY OVC OAC 
eee 
eee 
eeee eee eee eee eree 
oeoeeeeve 
eeeeee 
SOC UnChLy OO Cnt aac 
Ghele,.efe levee! e716, @/a1e) 0.60.0 0) © ene 
Grease 6 e168 ecco e1eLe 
OWS, Cere (ene ekoyoys (c:ef 0.70 40! 6 040 00 /0)j0 en0-.0, «10 
eke eLevee eee. 8,e 1@ 

z Authority for rearing method. 
2 Authority for isolation of virus. 
(1) Beckman, Bruckart, and Reiser 1953, 
and Glaser 1915, (5) Glaser 1928, 
(9) Ignoffo 1964b, (10) Redfern 1963, 
1949a, (13) Steinhaus 1949b, 
Rivers 1957, (17) Tanada 1964, 
The following are personal communications: 
(20), Hemeberry, Is do, (21) Hill,” 0. AL; 
[Heliothis virescens (F.)], and that of the 
cabbage looper [Trichoplusia ni (Hibner)]. 
Bioferm Corporation and Nutrilite Products, 
Inc., are experimenting with virus production, 
using modifications of Ignoffo's methods. We 
are hopeful that such efforts will increase 
and diversify as time goes by. 
This progress brings up the obvious 
question--What must we know about such a 
viral preparation before it is finally available 
to the public as a commercial product? 
In the United States, there are two agencies 
directly responsible for regulations regarding 
the use of pesticides; namely, the Food and 
Drug Administration, Health, Education, and 

Authority+ 






















(6) Grisdale 1963, 
(14) Steinhaus 1949c, (15) Steinhaus 1957, 





Virus Authority” 
Nuclear polyhedrosis..... (13) 
npldOn wan. Bincuals cae (4) 
Granudlostsia. dem wWescvenaiovsterts (27) 
Nuclear polyhedrosis..... (4) 
BVA Oleh tetranenetecer acy e:!Scayeliveuat ake (4) 
SAO stot skens Peis ei'etehany siete (4) 
GranwlLoOsis. 7.4 ewterepisasisioys sus (11) 
Nuclear polyhedrosis..... = 
Mrs 0O ciehere’ «taverns ahatels soe aye (12) 
SCOcie tien weteiey wis (14) 
ON Meas, estan sh Aapae (15) 
OObrinace sin capes ene estereies (7) 



Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis. 
(2) Bergold 1949, (8) Bergold 1958, (4) Chapman 
(7) Hyslop 1912, (8) Ignoffo 1964a, 
(11) Schoene and Sibold 1952, (12) Steinhaus 
(16) Smith and 
(18)Dunn, Pe He, (19) “Hamm, foie deve 
(22) Ignoffo, C. M., (23) Redfern, R. E. 
73 
Welfare, and the Pesticides Regulation Divi- 
sion, U.S. Department of Agriculture. The 
Food and Drug Administration is responsible 
for establishing the levels of tolerance per- 
mitted for pesticides and their use on con- 
sumers' goods; whereas the Pesticides 
Regulation Division is responsible for ap- 
proving proof of efficacy, registration, and 
labeling of each product. Whenever proof of 
safety of a candidate pesticide is given, an 
exemption of tolerance can be granted by 
the Food and Drug Administration. I think 
the requirements of these agencies neces- 
sary for labeling a product and obtaining level 
of tolerance or exemption of tolerance are 
