APPENDIX 
Insect Pests and their Parasites and Predators Successfully Colonized in Continental United States 
(See text for overall value of these control agents.) 
PEST 
Aphids, several species, Family Aphidae 
(see Field and Garden Insects) 
Apple mealybug, Phenacoccus aceris 
(Signoret) 
Black scale, 
Saissetia oleae (Bern.) 
California red scale, 
Aonidiella aurantii (Mask. ) 
Citrophilus mealybug, 
Pseudococeus gahani Green 
(see Tree and Shrub Insects) 
Citrus mealybug, 
Pseudococcus citri (Risso) (See Tree 
and Shrub Insects) 
Coconut scale, 
Aspidiotus destructor Sign. 
Comstock mealybug, 
Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuw.) 
Cottony-cushion scale, 
Icerya purchasi Mask. 
Florida red scale, 
Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.) 
Gypsy moth, 
Porthetria dispar (L.) (see Tree and 
Shrub Insects) 
Japanese beetle, 
Popillia japonica Newm. (see Field 
and Garden Insects and Tree and 
Shrub Insects) 
WHERE FOUND 
Florida citrus 
and papaya areas 
Oregon, and Maine 
to Vermont 
California 
Chiefly Cali- 
fornia, Arizona, 
and Texas 
California 
California and 
Florida 
Florida 
Eastern apple 
regions 
California, 
Arizona, and 
Southeastern 
seaboard 
Florida, 
Mississippi, 
Louisiana, 
California 
New England, New 
York, New Jersey, 
and Pennsylvania 
The East 
PARASITE OR PREDATOR 
FRUIT INSECTS 
Leis dimidiata 15-spilota 
Hope 
Allotropa utilis Mues. 
Aphycus helvolus Comp. 
Aphycus lounsburyi How. 
Aphycus stanleyi (Comp.) 
Coccophagus capensis Comp. 
Coccophagus cowperi Gir. 
Coccophagus pulvinariae Comp. 
Coccophagus rusti Comp. 
Coccophagus trifasciatus 
Comp. — 
Diversinervus elegans Silv. 
Lecaniobius utilis Comp. 
Quaylea whittieri (Gir.) 
Rhizobius debilis Blackb. 
Rhizobius ventralis (Er. ) 
Scutellista cyanea Mots. 
Aphytis lingnanensis Comp. 
Aphytis melinus DeBach 
Chilocorus kuwanae Silv. 
Comperiella bifasciata How. 
red scale strain) 
Cybocephalus sp. 
Habrolepis rouxi Comp. 
Lindorus lophantae (Blaisd.) 
Orcus chalybeus (Boisd. ) 
Prospaltella perniciosi Tower 
(red scale strain) 
Cleodiplosis koebelei (Felt) 
Coccophagus gurn urneyi C Comp. 
Scymnus binaevatus (Muls. ) 
Tetracnemus pretiosus Timb. 
Allotropa citri Mues. 
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri 
Mauls. 
Leptomastidea abnormis (Gir. ) 
Pauridia peregrina Timb. 
Azya trinitatis Mshll. 
Cryptognatha nov nodiceps Mshll. 
Allotropa burrelli Mues. 
Pseudaphycus malinus Gahan 
Cryptochaetum iceryae (Will. ) 
Rodolia cardinalis (Mu1s.) 
Aphytis holoxanthus DeBach 
Anastatus disparis Ruschka 
Bpanteles melanoscelus (Ratz. ) 
Blepharipa scutellata R.-D. 
Calosoma sycophanta GEs) 
Carabus auratus L. 
Compsilura concinnata (Meig.) 
Exorista larvarum (L. 
Monodontomerus aereus Wlkr. 
Ooencyrtus kuwanai (How. ) 
Parasetigena agilis (R.-D.) 
Phobocampe disparis (Vier. ) 
Dexilla ventralis (Ald.) 
Hyperecteina aldrichi Mesnil 
Prosena siberita (F.) 
Tiphia popilliavora Roh. 
Tiphia vernalis Roh. 
20 
SOURCE AND DATE INTRODUCED 
South China, 1924. 
Nova Scotia, 1960-61. 
South Africa, 
South Africa, 
South Africa, 
South Africa, 
1918. 
South Africa, 
Do. 
Transvaal, 1937. 
South Africa, 1924-25. 
1924, 1937. 
1937. 
1937. 
East Africa, 1931, 1937, 1953. 
Argentina, Brazil, 1934-35. 
Australia, 1900-01. 
Australia, 1891-92. 
Australia, Tasmania, 1888-89, 1891-92. 
South Africa, 1900-01. 
South China, 1947. 
India, Pakistan, 1956-61. 
China, 1901; Japan, 1916, 1923. 
South China, 1941. 
South China, 1932-33. 
South Africa, 1937. 
Australia, 1891-92. 
Australia, 1892. 
Formosa, 1949, 
Australia, 1928. 
Do. 
South Africa, 1921. 
Australia, 1928. 
China, 1950. 
Australia, 1891-92. 
Sicily, 1914. 
China, 1949, 1951. 
Puerto Rico, 1938. 
Trinidad, 1936; Puerto Rico, 1938. 
Japan, 1939-41. 
Japan, 1941. 
Australia, 1888-89. 
Do. 
Israel, 1959. 
Central Europe, Japan, 1908-10. 
Sicily, 1911-l2. 
Europe, 1905-11, 1924-27. 
Switzerland, Italy, 1905-10. 
Europe, 1907. 
Central Europe, 1906-11. 
Italy, 1905; Europe, 1906-11, 1923-32. 
Europe, 1905-10. 
Japan, 1907-9. 
Central Europe, 
Central Europe, 
1906-11, 1924-33. 
1907-12, 1924-31. 
1929-31. 
1927-30, 1933. 
Korea, 
Japan, 
Japan, 
Japan, 
1925-27, 
1920-24, 
1921-30. 
1920-22; 
1930-31, 1934-36. 
Korea, South China, 1924-33. 
1900, 1914; Australia, 1916. 
1914-15, 1921-23; Australia, 
Korea, South China, 1925-27, 
