380 
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adult migratory salmon, are always retained on the inner 
skin of the land-locked fish and may be found by strippin 
the skin off. I have also obseryed among the Sebago fis 
some cases of a retention of the external bars in atleast one 
individual thirteen inches long; whereas, normally they be- 
come invisible from without when the fish is about eight 
inches long. 
As might be expected, the inferior size of the land-locked 
salmon is accompanied by a lower rate of fecundity, but this 
would not lead us to expect the individual eges of the smaller 
fish to be of a larger size. This is, however, the actual fact, 
the difference beng quite noticeable, and amounting to say 
twenty per cent. in weight. Among the migratory salmon of 
the Penobscot, ovarian disease is very rare; but with the 
land-locked salmon of the Schoodic lakes it is very common. 
Tn 1883, by careful observation we learned that eighteen per 
eent. of the temale fish were affected with some disease of the 
ovaries, resulting in defects of the eggs which were apparent 
bo the eye—in some instances involving the entire litter, but 
in general a very small number of eggs, This phenomenon 
was observed before artificial breeding began at Grand Lake 
Stream, and does not appear to be influenced thereby, 
The habits of the two forms of salmon afford the strongest 
contrasts. The anadromous salmon has its home in the sea, 
and there, exclusively are its feeding grounds: it visits the 
fresh water only for the purpose of breeding, and during its 
stay there abstains from food and constantly falls away in 
fiesh. Its young on attaining the age of one or two years and 
a weight of two or three ounces, descends to the sea to com- 
plete its grewth. The Jand-locked salmon neyer visits the sea 
except accidentally, and makes its home in the fresh water 
lakes. It has its feeding grounds in the lakes and rivers and 
instead of fasting six months or a year at a time, curbs its 
rayenous appetite for but a few weeks atthe spawning season, 
My obseryations on the date of spawning lead to the conelu- 
sion that it is a week later with the land-locked than with the 
anadromous salmon, In approaching the spawning ground, 
the land-locked salmon move either up into an affluent stream 
or down into an effluent stream, being goverened, so far as I 
can see, by the pectliar circumstances of each case. There 
are not wanting some indications that they prefer an effluent, 
but 1 think that the phenomena admits of a different explan 
ation. The young fry in most instances moye up the stream 
to gain the lake which is to be their future home, but in some 
instances quite the reverse. Jt does not appear that in any of 
these phenomena we have uncovered any essential difference 
in habits and instincts, but when the sea salmon attains the 
age for the seaward migration, an instinct begins to govern 
his actions to which the land-locked is forever a stranger. 
Of less theoretical but more practical importance is a com- 
parison of size, The average of adult Penobscot salmon is 
about thirteen pounds, though there are some fluctuations 
from year to year—the mean fora season being sometimes 
above sixteen pounds, and sometimes below twelve pounds. 
if we excluded the Ontario and Champlaim salmon, we know 
ofno land-locked salmon in America that average half as 
large. The Sebago fish are the largest; a score of thirteen 
taken with hookin the Sougo River in 1880 averages five 
pounds, and this is probably about the usual size, though indi- 
viduals of great weight are sometimes taken. The above score 
contained one weighing ten and three-quarter pounds. One 
thirty and one-half inches long and weighing fifteen and one- 
half pounds, was taken with hook in May, 1883. One found 
stranded and deadin Rogers Brook in Bridgton in 1883, was 
thirty inches long and weighed twenty-tive pounds. The 
Reed’s Pond salmon are next to those of Sebago in size—in- 
deed, possibly, are fully equal. The salmon of the Sebec 
region vary very much in the different waters of the system, 
as do also those of the St. Crorx, but the average growth may 
be taken to be about thesame as at Grand Lake Stream, where 
some hundreds were measuredin the autumn of 1883, with 
the result that the mean weight of the males was 5.2 pounds, 
and of the females three pounds, while the salmon taken in 
May and June are perhaps a quarter of a pound lighter, 
: AN AUGMENTATION OF MBHAN SIZE. 
Tn connection with this part of the subject I have some very 
interesting statements to present, with reference to a dreaded 
change in the mean size of the Grand Lake salmon, 
A Philadelphia sportsman who fished at Grand Lake Stream 
nearly thirty years ago, furnished Mr. Thaddeus Norris mem- 
oranda fromm which the following averages may be deduced: 
Tn June, 1856, the average weight of 634 salmon was 1.38 
pounds; in J une, 1857, the average of 452 salmon was 1.49 
pounds; in the same month of 1858, the average of 575 salmon 
was 1.42 pounds, In May, 1865, Hon. Harvey Jewell, with one 
companion, took 479 salmon weighing 50217 pounds, and aver- 
aging 1.38 pounds, and remarks that this was the average 
weight of those taken by other parties in each of the years 
1864 and 1865, 
Tn 1867, I personally visited the fishing ground and know 
that the size of the fish had not materially changed since 1858, 
The maximum was then believed to be 4 or 5 pounds, but the 
Gapture of so large specimens was extremely rare. The au- 
tumn weight may have been a little above that of June (which 
eatnpae one to a length of 163% inches), but did not exceed 134 
pounds. 
In 1875-6, the average weight of some hundreds of males 
taken at the spawning season was 1.6 pounds and 1.8 poungs 
respectively, and of the females 1.9 pounds each year, In 1878 
the males wyeraged 2.3 pounds and the females 2.2 pounds, 
Tn 188%, the males and females weighed respectively 3.1 and 
8.08 pounds; in 1888, 3,2 and 3.0 pounds. There has been a 
corresponding, but perhaps not equal augmentation in the 
size of the fish caught in May and June; seventy salmon taken 
in May, 1885, averaged 2.7 pounds, a httle more than double 
the weight of Mr. Jewell’s fish of 1865, Accompanying this in- 
ereage in size, we haye found a corresponding improvement in 
the fecundity of the salmon. The eggs are no larger, but 
nearly twice as many are now obtained from a single fish. 
These figures apply only tothe salmon of Grand Lake Stream, 
In other parts of- the Schoodie waters the fish are of various 
sizes—some larger and some smaller than those described. At 
Dobsis stream, in the spring of 1672, a score of Mr. Jeweill’s 
shows that twenty-six fish taken below the dam in water 
communicating with Pocuympus Lake, averaged 1 4-10 pounds, 
while eighteen taken above the dam, in the waters of the Dob- 
sis Lake averaged 26-10 pounds, In after years this distinc- 
tion was maintained, and indeed, emphasized. Inthe Dobsis 
Lake in 1876, they were about as heavy as they are now in 
Grand Lake, In West Musquash Lake they are larger than 
in either of the above. In the lakes of the east branch of the 
St. Crors (the Chepedneek Lakes) they are generally larger 
than in any of the waters of the west branch, with the possi- 
ble exception of West Musquash, and there has been kKnowna 
single specimen of ten and one-half pounds, In Pleasant Lake, 
on the west branch, are the smallest specimens of all the 
Schoodic region. In February, 1883, I obtained thirteen speci- 
mens said to represent fairly those that winter through the 
ice, except that some yery small ones had been excluded from 
the lot, These had the torm and color of adults, but the 
largest of them weighed only eighteen ounces and measured 
only fifteen inches in length, and from this size there was a 
very regular descending serics down to ten and one-quarter 
inches in length and five ounces in weight. 
It is much to be regretted that we do not possess the data 
requisite to the discussion of the causes that have led to this 
diversity of size between the fish of different parts of the 
same lake system, or to the recent increase in the size of the 
Grand Lake fish, i 
RATE OF GROWTH, 
At Grand Lake Stream, at the spawning season, we have 
found six distinct classes of salmon, distingiished mainly by 
size, as follows: 
First Class,—This is equivalent to the “parr” or “pink” 
= — ———E—— 
a 
FOREST AND STREAM. 
stage of anadromous salmon. Tt is characterized by the pres- 
ence of dark transverse bars and brilliant red spots on the 
sides. Im size they ate very uniform. Of nineteen of them 
captured Oct. 15, the smallest was 2 9-16 inches long, the 
largest 3% imches long and the average 314 inches, ‘hei 
weight was not ascertained, but must be about 2-10 ounce. 
They have thus far been obseryed only on the gravelly shal- 
lows of the stream. They were present before artificial breed- 
ing began, and undoubtedly represent a normal stage of 
growth. Parr of about the same size are also found in the 
stream at the beginning of summer, and occasionally in 
sreat numbers. Such was notably the case in 1882, and also, 
though not to an equal extent, in 1883. Mr. Munson, our 
foreman, who is very careful and exact in his statements, 
reported that in June, 1882, at the time when the driving 
of logs through the gates was in progtess, there were great 
numbers of these little fish below the dam. While the gates 
were open and the stream full of water, they were little in- 
clined to bite, but when the gates were closed and the water 
fell they eagerly pursued any line, crowding each other and 
leaping out of the water after an approaching fly or other 
bait. Meeting one day a young fellow crossing the dam with 
a long string of these little fish that would more than fill a 
peck measure, Munson took out his rule and measured about 
half a dozen of them, and found them to vary littie from three 
inches inlength. These young fish were taken that season in 
numbers that threatened to seriously affect the abundance of 
the adults, and upon petition; the Legislature at its next ses- 
sion forbade their capture. The occurrence of parr of the 
Same or nearly the same size in the fall as in the spring, is a 
noteworthy and at)first a puzzling circumstance. Spawning 
takes place but once a year, that is beyond question. Do the 
young fry grow unequally, part of them attaining in six 
months the same size that others do in a year, or is there a 
lapse of six months in their lives without any considerable 
growth? I think the first supposition is not admissible, he- 
cause we have never met with the intermediate sizes that 
must have been present. It seems possible, therefore, that 
their growth is almost whoily accomplished in the warm sea- 
son and is nearly suspended in the winter. 
Second Olass.—Seven or eight inches in length and weighing’ 
5 to 4 ounces; bars and red spots still plainly visible, an 
nearly as distinct as in the first class. They yield a copious 
supply of milt, and afew of them are found cOmmonly on 
the spawning beds, attending or seeking to attend the female 
salmon in the act of spawning. They occur at the same time, 
though not commonly in conipany with the smaller fish of 
class one, both in fall and spring, 
Third Class.—A little larger than class two, measuring about 
10 inches, and weighing 7 or 8 ounces. Bars and spots still 
visible but very faint. All males, and yielding milt copiously. 
Observed occasionally in October and November, This form 
approaches closely the ‘‘smolt” of the river salmon. 
Fourth Class.—Ahbout 13 inches in length and 1 pound in 
weight. Reproductive functions dormant, organs little de- 
veloped and sex unknown, They are uniform in appearance 
as well as size, but are not numerous and appear irregularly, 
rarely more than half a dozen of them in a single season. 
Barren individuals of larger size, sometimes as large as 17 
inches in length and 30 ounces in weight, met with rarely, and 
only in autumn. Whether there is a corresponding class in 
May and June, I am unable to say, but judging from the 
weights of captures shown by some scores submitted to me, 
I think it quite likely. 
Fifth Class—Adults. There is a great range in gize, and 
doubtless some are of advanced age and belong to an additional. 
class, but as there seems ta be an unbroken series from the 
smallest to the largest, [am unable to separate them, and were 
a separation possible and the fish classified according to age 
itis not unlikely that the different classes would be found 
overlapping each other in respect to size—that is, the larger 
fish among those that are in their first year of adult-hood may 
be larger than the smallest of those that are a year older than 
the smallest adults on niy record were. 
Now what conclusions are we to draw from these data? On 
the supposition that each. of the first four classes represents a 
separate stage of growth, with intervals of one year in each 
case, the fifth or adult class must be, when caught in Noyeniber, 
five years of age from the date of the deposit of the egg, or 
four and a half years from the date of hatching. I haye, how- 
ever, some doubts as to the yalidity of the distinction between 
classes two and three, the former being equivalent to the male 
parr of the British salmon and the latter aving not yet fully 
attained to the ‘‘smolt” stage, which should be distinguished 
by entire absence of any external bars or spots, The position 
and significances of class four (15 inches, barren) is also not 
entirely free from doubt. It is possible that such fish are of 
adult age, but barren from some unknown cause, and on the 
supposition that such is the case there will appear to be no 
intermediate form between the third elass (that has almost 
reached the smolt stage) and the adults, and hence the interval 
of time separating these two becomes more than ever a mat- 
ter of conjecture; but as we are tolerably certain that a year 
(from impregnation) is required to attain three inches in 
leneth, and another to attain eight inches, it is hardly reason- 
able to suppose that the growth from eight inchestothe adult 
stage would be accomplished in a single year. 
My conclusion is that the following is the most probable out- 
line of the life of the salmon of Grand Lake; taking the time 
of impregnation as 4 starting pomt, the embryos hateh ab six 
months of age, attain a length of three inches at one year; of 
eight inches at two years; of thirteen inches at three or four 
years; and of complete maturity (fifteen inches or more in 
length) at, four or five years. Specimens twenty miches or 
morein length and weizhing three pounds or upward, I am 
inclined to regard as fish on their second yisit to the spawning 
grounds, and on the assumption (of which there is, however, 
no direch proof) that they are like the anadromous salmon, 
biennial spawners—such fish are six or seyen year's old. 
Whether the same rate of growth preyails among the land- 
locked salmon in their own native haunts, there are no data 
to determine, but it is very probable that the entire period of 
erowth is about the same, and accordingly that in the case of 
the larger salmon of the Sebago the rate is greater. 
GROWTH IN NEW HOMES, 
When introduced to new haunts they have often grown to 
an unwonted size and sometimes ab an accelerated rate, I 
will cite some instances: 
In Saipsic Lake, Connecticut, in May, 1851, was captured a 
specimen twenty-two inches long and weighing three pounds 
fourteen ounces. This was the growth from Schoodic fry, the 
first of which were planted in 1874. If this specimien was trom 
the first planting it had grown to an unusual size for Schoodic 
fish, Sept. 23, 1881, another specimen was taken in the same 
lake, weighing six pounds two ounces, One of six pounds 
eight ounces was reported to liave been taken about the same 
time from one of the Twin Lakes in Salisbury. : 
In Shrewsbury Pond, near Rutland, Vermont, specimens 
have been taken, Tam told, by Dr. C. H. Barber, weighing 
six and three-quarter pounds. One party caught twenty- 
three in one Jay, the smallest of which weighed one and one- 
half pounds and the largest six and one-quarter pounds. This 
lake is one mile long, one-half mile wide and 160 feet deep. 
Woodhull Lake, Herkimer county, N. ¥., was stocked with 
fry of Schoodic salmon in the summer of 1579, Inthe spring 
of 1881, goon after the disappearaice of the ice, several speci- 
mens were taken, one of which weighed nearly a pound, In 
the winter of 1882, a number of specimens were taken by fish- 
ins through the ice, and some of them were eighteen inches 
long, probably weighing two or three pounds, In the fall of 
1882, a specinien weighing over four pounds was taken in the 
stream below the lake—this fish. was tls four years old from 
impregnation, and had attained a size double that calculated 
i for a Schoodic salmon of that age in Grand Lake, 
In the Rangeley Lakes in Maine, about fifty domesticated 
Schoodic salmon about two years of age were introduced from 
breeding ponds in Alna; fry of Sebago salmon were introduced 
as follows: 2,000 in 1874; 5,000 in 1875; 8,000 in 1877; 18,000 in 
1877. In 1877 @ single specimen weighing five pounds was 
captured. As to further results I will quote Mr. Stanley's 
letter to the Forms? anp STREAM, Oct. 26, 1882; “TI am happy 
to state that the salmon put in an appearance in the Range- 
ley stream this fallin considerable numbers and for the first 
time, Some of them were very large. 1 saw five of them in 
a pool which I estimated would run from 4 to 10 pounds each, 
Over forty were taken last June in the Rangeley Lake alone 
of from 214 to 444 pounds each. They have also been taken 
in the lakes below. for the short time that has elapsed since 
they were introduced, and the small number of eggs, the siic- 
cess has been remarkable.” As it is impossible to determine 
absolutely whether these captures came from the early plant- 
ing of Schoodic fish, or the later planting of Sebago fish, nor 
yet their age, we can only remark that the size attained is 
very satisfactory, and from the numbers captured and seen 
itis quite evident that the species is established as an inhab- 
ibat of theRangeley Lakes. 
Another instance from the same State may be adduced in 
the case of the Weld Pond, which I will give in Mr, Stanley’s 
language: 
“The most reliable information I have in regard to growth 
of Jand-locked salmon or the time it takes to reach a certain 
size is what I get from the Weld Pond in Franklin county, 
This pond is about five miles long and two miles wide; is ted 
by numerous large brooks which take their rise back in the 
wilderness among the mountains, to which the trout and 
salmon (the former are plenty) have free access to their head 
waters. Also the outlet of the pond, Webhb’s River, about the 
size of the Presumpscott, is a rapid stream, five miles after it 
leaves the pond, with clean, gravelly bottom, and unobstructed 
by dams. This pond is famous for its trout and pickerel—the 
angler catching about as many brook trout as pickerel. It is 
plentifully stocked with smelts and minnows. * * * I give 
you the number and dates of the plantings of Sebago salmon; 
1875, 2,000; 1876, 3,000; 1877, 10,000.” 
The first 2,000 were put into the Bowley Brook; the other 
two lots were turned into the river, with the exception of per- 
haps about 2,000 more, which were put in the above brook, A 
friend of mine, who is reliable, told me he saw weighed one 
that was caught in this brook that tipped the scales at 11 
pounds. Last fall they came into the brook and river also in 
considerable numbers and of large sige, some, undoubtedly, 
of 10 0r12 pounds. Last summer the small salmon 6 to 8 
inches long were anit plenty in this brook, also some in the 
river. Parties fishing for brook trout would in half a day’s 
fishing catch fifteen or twenty of these little salmon, which, 
however, they put back, None have been taken in any of the 
streams except the river and Bowley Brook and the pond, 
Quite a number have been taken fishing through the ice this 
spring, but none over 514 pounds, 
Quite remarkable results have been observed in some of the 
waters of New Hampshire, I will quote Commissioner H. B. 
Hodge, Under date of April 25, 1884, he writes as follows: 
‘Tn regard to the Schoodic salmon in this State, I am happy 
to state that they are doing well, and good reports are being 
received from yarious parts of the State. In some waters 
their growth hag been remarkable, particularly in Squam. 
Lake, The first plant was made in this lake by Col. 8. Webber, 
in 1877. In June, 1880, a landlocked salmon was taken in 
the outlet of the lake that weighed 61g pounds, and one was 
killed by going through a mill wheel that measured twenty- 
seven inches; weight not taken, as it was decomposed when 
found. In November of 1883, six years after the lake was 
stocked, two salmon were speared on their spayning beds ab 
the eee one of them weighed 10 pounds and the other 15 
ounds, 
a “In Lake Sunapee their growth has been greater than in 
Squam. First stocked in 1880, by Commissioner A, H, Powers. 
The largest fish taken in 1885 weighed 744 pounds, and one re- 
ported to weigh 814, Severalof 5 and 6 pounds were taken 
during the season, and the large ones all got away. 
“The figures I have given you are all from reliable persons 
and are authentic. Hyen in small ponds I have seen fish that 
weighed 214 pounds, when two years and two months of age, 
I could give you many other instances where large land-locked 
salmon haye been reported to have been taken, but the above 
is enough to show that they are a success in this State, and to 
warrant the Commissioners in following up the planting of 
them in such waters as are adapted to them,” 
Under date of April 28, 1884, Mr. Hodge writes further; 
“Since my letter to you of last week, there has been taken at 
the outlet of Squam Laike, a land-locked salmon twenty- 
eight inches in length, and weighing nine pounds. This fish 
was measured and weighed in presence of several reliable per- 
sons ” 
REQUIREMENTS OF LAND-LOCKED SALMON, 
Ibis to be regretted that there are no adequate data at hand 
from which to discuss the question of the requirements of 
Schoodic salmon. We ought to know definitely the size and 
depth of all the lakes that they naturally inhabit; the quality 
of the water; its temperature at surface and bottom during 
the heated term; the quantity and variety of food afforded; 
whut enemies they have successfully combatted, and to what 
ones they have succumbed; the character and extent of their 
spawning grounds, ete, The data at hand will enable us to 
lay down only general rules, which will, nevertheless, it is 
hoped, be of some service in directing future effort, 
It does not appear that the matter of area is important, 
Landlocked salmon appear tu thrive as well, other things be- 
ing considered, and attain as large size in lakes of a few hun- 
dred acres area as in those covering thousands of acres. Wor 
instance, the largest salmon of the Grand Lake région are 
found in West Musquash Lake, whose area is less than a,thou- 
sand acres; and among new localities we may instance Shrews- 
bury Lake, in Vermont, only one mile long and one-half mile 
wide, where such signal success has attended the introduction 
of these fish, j 
The depth of water is apparently a more important matter. 
I think the rule will hold good that large fish of the salmon 
family generally inhabit deep lakes. Of the native haunts of 
the land-locked salmon, the deepest is Lake Sebago, where 
410 feet of water have been found, and in this region we find 
the lavgest land-locked salmon in Maine: it must, however, 
be noted, as a possible exception to our rule, that the salmon 
of Long Pond, a tributary of Lake Sebago of much smaller 
size, and, it is, supposed, much shallower water, are not much, 
if any, inferior to those of Sebago itself, and haye actuall 
furnished the largest individuals on record. West Musquas 
Lake, which produces the largest salmon of that region, is 
known to bein some places oyer 130 feet deep, while Grand 
Lake is not known to be over 115 feet. Shrewsbury Lake, in 
Vermont, is 160 feet deep. « 
T ain not, however, prepared to say that there can be no 
sticcess in lakes of moderate depth, It is known that land- 
locked salmon were ouce abundant at Princeton, at the outlet 
of the lower lakes of the Sehoodic Chain, They must hayein- 
habited Lewy’s, Long or Big lakes. all of which are ingeneral, 
shallow, and in which there is good reason to, believe. though 
by no means certain, that a depth of more than sixty feet 
canuot any where be found. 
As to temperature, I am only able to say thatthe phenomena 
observed indicate that on the approach of hot weather the sal- 
mon forsake the streams and surface waters and retire to the 
depths, where it is always comparatively cool. Tt is likely 
that they will not permanently thrive in waters where they 
are compelled to endure through the summer a surface tem- 
erature, of say uae of 70 degrees Fahrenheit, Very 
lncety this limit will haye to be moved a few degrees up or 
down when data are obtained. The latitude in which nature 
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