210 
food of the people, it has been estimated that a pound of pro- 
tein costs, on the average, five times as much, and a pound of 
fats three times as much asa pound of carbo-hydrates; that 
in other words, these three classes of nutrients stand related 
to each other in respect to cost. in the proportion: 
Assumed ratios of costs { Boge Singer tas tte 2 
atuabahle feos, 25.5 Carbo-hiydiates, 0.1.1.1 
Suppose a pound of beef of average fatness to cost 25 cents, 
and to contain 25 per cent. of inedible matters, bone, etc., 45 
per cent. of water, and 30 per cent. of nutritive substance, 
npon which latter—the bone and water being assumed to be 
without nutritive value—the whole cost comes. The 30 per 
cent. or 30-100 pound of nutritive substance thus costs 25, 
cents, or at the rate of 83!¢ cents per pound. If, now, we 
Jeaye out of account the minute quantities of carbo-hydrates 
and the mineral matters, the whole cost will fallon the protein 
and fats. Assuming these to cost in the ratio of 5:5 and the 
amounts in the meats to be—protein 141/ per cent. and the fats 
15 per cent., an easy computation will show the ger eee to 
cost 107.7 cents and the fats 64.4 cents per pound. Proof: 
1414/9 pound of protein at 107,7 cents=15,5 cents; 15-100 
ponnds of fats at 646 cents=9.7 cents; 15.3 cents + 9.7 
cents="5 cents; the cost of the pound of meat which con- 
tained the given amounts of protein and fats. The above 
ratios—protein; fats: carbo-hydrates—5:3:1—represent at best 
only general averares, and may in given cases be more or less 
incorrect. A method free from these objections consists in 
Bimply ert ta g the amounts of nutrients that may be 
bought for the same price in different food materials, At the 
same time the method above detailed is doubtless accurate 
enough for a general comparison of the relative cheapness and 
dearness of ordinary foods, and is used in calculating the costs 
of protein below. 
f the different nutrients, protein is physiologically the 
most important, asitis pecuniarily the most expensive. 
fish, furthermore, as in the leaner kinds of meat, it is the pre- 
deminant nutritive ingredient, Hor these reasons the cost of 
protein in fish and other foods may be used as a means of 
comparing their relative cheapness or dearness, as is done in 
the preceding table. Tho figures represent the ordinary prices 
per pound and the corresponding costs of protein, in specimens 
of food materials obtained in New York and Middletown, 
Conn., markets. Though the number of specimens is too 
small for reliable averages, the figures, taken together, doubt- 
Jess give a tolerably fair idea of the relative costliness in the 
different classes of food. 
Thus the nutrients of vegetable foods are, in general, much 
Jess costly than in animalfoods. The animal foods have, how- 
eyer, the adyantage of containing a larger proportion of pro- 
tein and fats, and the protein, at least, in more digestible 
forms. And further, the so-called “nitrogenous extractives” 
of Ereatin, cai‘nin, etc., of meats, which contribute so much 
to their agreeable flavor, exert a nutritive effect which, 
though not yet explained, is nevertheless important. It is 
these which give to “extract of meat” its peculiar flavor and 
stimulating effect, 
Among the animal foods, those which rank as delicacies are 
the costliest. By the above calculations, the protein in oysters 
costs from two to three dollars, and in salmon rises to nearly 
six dollars per pound. In beef, mutton and pork, it varies 
from 105 to 48 cents; in shad, bluefish, haddock and halibut 
the range is about the same; while in cod and mackerel, fresh 
and salted, it ranges from 67 to as low as 33 eents per pound. 
Salt cod and salt mackerel are nearly always—-fresh cod and 
mackerel oftener, and even the choicer fish, as bluefish and 
shad, when abundant, furnish cheaper sources of protein than 
any but the inferior kinds of meat, 
in short, we pay for many of our foods according to their 
agreeableness to our palates rather than their value for nour- 
ishing our bodies. At the same time it is interesting to note 
that the prices of the materials that make up the bulk of the 
food of the people seem to run more or less parallel with their 
actual nutritive values. Here, as elsewhere, the resultant of 
the general experience of mankind has led slowly and blindly, 
but none the less surely, to the same general result to which 
accurate research more understandingly and quickly guides us 
USE OF FISH AS FOOD—ITS PLACH IN DIETARIES, 
The chief uses of fish as food are (1) as an economical 
source of nutriment, and (2) to supply the demand tor variety 
in diet, which increases with the advance of civilization and 
culture. 
As nutriment, its place is that of a supplement to vegetable 
foods, the most of which, as wheat, rye, maize, rice, pota- 
toes, etc., are deficient in protein, the chief nutrient of fish. 
The so-called “nitrogenous extractives,” contained m small 
quantities in fish as in other animal foods, are doubtless useful 
in nutrition. The theory that fish is especially valuable for 
brain-food on account of an assumed richness In phosphorus 
is not sustained by the facts of either chemistry or physi- 
ology. 
Te is an interesting fact, that the poorer classes of people 
and communities almost universally select those foods which 
chemical analysis shows to supply the actual nutrients at the 
lowest cost. But, unfortunately, the proportions of the nu- 
trients in their dietaries are often yery defective. 
Thus, in Paetons of India and China, rice; in Northern Italy, 
maize meal; in certain districts of Germany, and in some re- 
gious and seasons in Ireland, potatoes; and among the poor 
whites of the Southern United States, maize meal and bacon, 
make alarge part and in some cases almost the sole food of 
the people. These foods supply the nutrients in the cheapest 
forms but are all deticient in protein. The people who live 
upon them are ill-nourished and suffer physically, intellectu- 
and morally thereby. ‘ 
n the other hand, the Scotchman, shrewd in his diet as his 
dealings, finds a most economical supply of protein in oatmeal, 
haddock and herring, and the rural inhabitants of New Eng- 
land supplement the fat of their pork with protein of beans 
and the carbo-hydrates of potatoes; maize and wheat flour 
with the protein of codfish and mackerel, and while subsisting 
largely upon such frugal but rational diets, are well nourished, 
physically strong, and distinguished for their intellectual and 
moral force. 
Tn conclusion, I have two more things to speak of: 
The first is to repeat, but more emphatically, what I have 
already said, that the work of which [ have been speaking is 
only the tentative beginning of an investigation which, if 
rightly prosecuted, may, I believe, develop into one of great 
importance. P . 
The second, a very pleasant subject to refer to, is the assist- 
ance which has been given to the investigation thus far. Be- 
sides pecuniary and other aid which has been granted by the 
United States Fish Commission through Prof. Baird, one of 
the most efficient promoters of the Fishcultural Association, 
Mr. H. G. Blackford, Fish Commissioner of New York, has 
donated $100 in money and a gts number of specimens of 
fish, Mr. A. R, Crittenden, of Middletown, has also contrib- 
nied $100 toward the expenses of the investigation of the 
chemistry of fish, Thanks are likewise dué to Mr. G, H. 
Shaffer, of the well-known firm of Dorlon & Shaffer, of New 
York, for a considerable number of specimens of inverte- 
brates. As Ihave stated, the investigation of tish has been 
supplemented by one of other food materials. 
A considerable portion of the expense of these, also, has 
been met by private generosity. r. F. B, Thurber, of the 
firm of H. K. & I, B. Thurber, of New York, having donated 
$500 for this purpose, while Hon. J. W. Alsop, M. D., of Mid- 
dletown, has contributed a considerable sum in aid of re- 
searches carried on in the chemical laboratory of Wesleyan 
University, in which, with more abstract investigation, the 
studies of fish and other foods have been included. These 
sifts of gentlemen interested in science have covered a not 
tnconsiderable part of the total expenses of the investigations 
FOREST AND STREAM. 
whose results T haye thus briefly detailed. Without such aid 
they would haye been, in their present form at least, imprac- | 
ticable. 
The PRESIDENT; Although this paper has been quite ex- 
haustive, I haye no doubt that some members would like to 
ask questions. 
_ Mr, Witicox:; We have, I am sure, been greatly interested 
in Prof. Atwater’s paper, and I would like to ask whether one 
eae eating the flesh of another can transform that food 
into fats, 
Prof, ATwaTmr: A great deal of experimental study has 
been devoted to the precise question to which you refer, dur- 
ing the past thirty years, and it may be thirty years more 
before it is fully answered. We have, however, a great deal 
of information already; enough to prove that the protein of 
one ahimal aay be transformed into fat in the body of an- 
other, Dogs fed on lean meat have been proven to grow fat 
upon itin the limited sense that some of the protein of which 
the lean meat was composed was changed into tat and stored 
as fat in the bodies of the dogs. It is quite possible that a por- 
tion of the protein of the beefsteak which you and I may have 
eaten for breakfast this eRe is, during the course of the 
day, being changed into fat and carbo-hydrates. But how 
much of the protein of our food is transformed into fats, or 
how much of the fats in our bodies comes from the protein we 
eat, are matters which cannot, in the present state of our 
knowledge, be answered exactly. 
CONVENTION OF FISHERMEN.—The North Carolina 
Department of Agriculture, which includes the Fish Commis- 
sion, has issued a call for a meeting of fishermen, fishcultur- 
ists and oyster culturists, to be held at the State Exposition at 
Raleigh. Among the names appended to the call we note 
that of Mr, 8, G. Worth, the energetic Superintendent of Fish- 
eries, The invitation says: ‘‘Among the subjects for discus- 
sion will be the following: The Present Condition of the Oyster 
Industry of the State; The History and Present Condition of 
the Great Seine Interest of the Albermarle Sound; The His- 
tory and Present Condition of the Great Seine Interest of the 
Croatan Sound; The Pound or Dutch Net Interest; The Fish- 
ery Traftic of Morehead and Beatifort; The Fishery Traftic of 
Wilmington, Hlizabeth City, etc.; The Trout Streams of West- 
eri Carolina, Carp Culture in the State, ete., representing a 
dozen, perhaps fifteen persons, who will read papers for the 
purpose of presenting the interest in a good shape for publica- 
tion. In addition, there will be at least twoof the best in- 
formed persons from the north of us, who will read important 
papers pointing out the defects in our general fishery methods 
and instructing us inthe practical ways of oyster farming. 
Oct. 15 and 16 have been published as Fishermen's days, and it 
is hoped that you and all other interested parties will add 
your presence to the occasion. Meetings, 9 A. M.to1P, M. 
each day.” 
CARP AS A FOOD FISH.—The question: ‘Is the carp a 
good food fish?” has been asked us many times, and in the past 
we have heen unable to give an answer based on personal ex- 
apie However, last Saturday, through the kindness of 
. E. Walters, Esq., we had the pleasure of testing the mat- 
ter for ourselves, much to our gratification and delight, Three 
fish, weighing about half a pound each, were fried, and served 
for dinner. In quality they egual any we have ever eaten, 
excepting only brook trout. The texture is fine and firm, and 
there are no bones, excepting the back bone and the usual 
attachments, as in the case of a black bass or whitefish. The 
flavor resembles that of a rock bass or perch more than 
any other fish with which we are acquainted. The slightest 
muddy taste was not discovered, although the pond in which 
they were grown has a muddy bottom. It is probable that 
the quality of these little fishes was better than that of a larger 
individual, but we are entirely satisfied that the quality of the 
fish will satisfy the most exacting, that the most of people 
will be happily disappointed when they eat their first carp,— 
Chagrin Falls, O., Kxponent. 
OYSTER PLANTERS MUST FLANT.—At Red Bank, N, 
J., an action for trespass was brought against a man by one 
who had beds staked off. The decision will serve to wake up 
some sleepers in that State, and should be made to do so in 
New York, It was to the effect that a man cannot hold river 
or bay bottom by merely staking it off; he must plant oysters 
on it to secure it. In summing up, the counsel for the 
defendent said: ‘‘When a man stakes off the river bottom 
and does not plant oysters upon it, the land belongs to the 
community.” The jury supported this statement by return- 
ing a verdict of not guilty, 
ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS. 
F. H.—For method of curing your dog of gunshyness see our Ken- 
nel columns. 
G. A, M., Paterson, N. J.,—Can leather boots be made waterproof? 
Ans, You can buy atthe shoe stores or have made by a hootmaker 
waterproof boots. 
A Memprr or tHE HALIFAX CuUB isrespectfully informed that itis 
wte out of our province to decide race course disputes. Heis re- 
ferred to some one of the journals devoted to the horse. 
F. M, 0., New York.— Would it be too much trouble to identify in- 
closed bird? Ang, The bird is the Wilson’s thrush (Turdus fuscescens) 
a. common summer resident in Hastern States and a sweet songster. 
F, 8. B,, Philadelphia,—i, Can you please refer me to an account of 
how dogs are trained for racing? 2. Can you refer meto any account 
of Dr. Wood's experiments in the breeding of great horned owls in 
captivity in Connecticnta few yearsago, or any similar case? Ans. 1, 
Inquire of Arthur Chambers in your city. 2%. Write to Dr. Wood. His 
address is Suffiela, Conn, 
All work and no play makes Jacka dull boy. To be a dull 
boy is contrary to the rule among the railroad crew, so they 
never fail to play it on each other when they can. About the 
biggest joker in the State is Davis, who runs from Winnemucca 
to the Wells, and is known all over America for a good fellow. 
Davis took to duck hunting lately and bagged several good 
loads. He began to think it was time to air his skill among 
the members of the Winnemucca Pigeon Club, so when he 
was cut short in one of his big stories by Conductor Case, who 
bantered him to bet, he promptly accepted. Before the time 
came for the match he got a dozen Dis eane from Louis Lay to 
practice on, and got one of the brakemen to tend trap and 
another to pull the string. Mr. Davis was delighted with his 
experiment, as five of the first half dozen and four of the 
second dvopped dead within the line. He went to the match 
confident of victory, but went away crestfallen. Not one of 
his dozen lost a feather, while seven out of Case’s came down. 
It was three months before he found out that nine out of the 
dozen had their necks slyly but effectually pinched just as 
they were put into the trap. When it came out he had to 
stand a lot of chaff. Darrah offered to bet a dollar that he 
couldn’t hit a new hat he had on. Up went, the dollar and 
Darrah handed him his gun, loaded with a blank cartridge. 
Davis monkeyed around with the gum until he got a chance 
to change cartridges, and when Darrah threw up his new hat 
he blowed it all to pieces. Darrah looked wild and yelled, 
“Why, I thought there was no load in it.” Davis took his 
blank cartridge out of his pocket and handed it to him, and 
the stakeholder went over to Joe Germain’s and blew in the 
two dollars,—Reno Gazette, Aug. 22. 
Tan Accrpenr Ponrcms of the Travelers, of Hartford, Conu., in- 
demnify the business and professional men for his profits, the wage- 
worker for his wages, lost from accidental injury, and guarantee 
principal sum in case of death —ddy, : 
Se 
fOor, 8, 1884. 
The Fennel. 
FIXTURES. 
BENCH SHOWS. 
Oct, 6, 9 and 10.—Bench Show of the Stafford Agricultural Society. 
R. 8, Hicks, Secretary, Stafford Springs, Conn, sai ti 
Oct. 7, 5,9, 10 and i1.—Third Annual Bench Show of the Danbury 
Agricultural Society, Danbury, Conn. Entries vlose Sept. 27. EH. S. 
Davis, Superintendent, Danbury. Conn. 
Oct. 16, 17 and 14,—National Breeders’ Show, Industrial Art Hall, 
Philadelphia, Pa, James Watson, Secretary, P.O. Box 770. Entries 
close Uct, 10, 
Oct, 21, 22, 23.and 24.—First Annual Fall Bench Shew ef the West- 
minster Kennel Club, Madison Square Gardeh, New York. Entries 
close Oct, 6. Mr. Chas. Lincoln, Supermterndent, 
Jan, 10 to 14, 1885.—World's Exposition Bench Show, New Orleans, 
La, Mr, Chas, Lincoln, Superintendent, 
FIELD TRIALS, 
Nov. —.—Third Annual Trials of the Robins Island Club, Robins 
Island, L. Tl. Open to members only, Mr. A. T, Plummer, Secretary 
Nov, 17._Sixth Annual Trials of the Eastern Field Trials Club, at 
High Point, N.C, W. A. Coster, Secretary, Matbush, L. 1, 
Noy. 17.—Virst Annual Trials of the Fisher’s Island Club, Fisher’s 
Island, N.Y. Open to members ouly, Mr. Max Wenzel, Secretary, 
Hoboken, N. J. 
Dec. 8 —Sixth annual Trials of the National American Kennel Club 
at Canton, Miss. D. Bryson, Seeretary, Memphis, Tenn. 
Dec, 15.—Southern Sportsmen's Association Trials, Canton, Miss. 
Mr, T, K. Renaud, Secretary, New Orleans, La. 
(A. KK... HR; 
/PEE AMERICAN KENNEL REGISTER, for the registration of 
pedigrees, éte, (with prize lists of all shows and trials), is pub- 
lished every mouth. Entries close on the ist, Should be im early, 
Entry blanks sent on receipt of slamped and addressed envelope. 
Registration fee (25 cents) must accompany each entry. No entries 
inserted unless paid in advaneé. Yearly subscription $1. Address” 
“American Kennel Register,”’ P. O. Box 2882, New York. Number 
of entries already printed 1560. Volume L, bound in cloth, sent 
postpaid, #1.5¢. 
NATIONAL BREEDERS’ 
Editor Forest and Stream: 
Herewith I hand you alist of special prizes, received up to 
date, which speaks for itself; I am glad to say that the entries 
are coming in freely and an excellent Gisplay of the best dog 
will be seen at the Industrial Art Hall on Oct. 16, 17 and 18, 
Intending exhibitors will please note that entries positively 
close on Oct. 10, so that they must be forwarded at once. 
DOG SHOW. 
Mr. A. H. Moore requests me to state that his grand collec- - 
tions of setters and pointers will not be placed in competition 
but only on exhibition with the display of valuable special 
prizes won by him. — 
LIST OF SPHCIAL PRIZES. 
ASEYHOUTGS le Spite eeon eres a4. ee. oh EG - $250.00 
Solid silver walter service, four pieces, given by ‘‘a lover of 
dogs” for pair bulldogs..-.... BS ee bay eines uyce dips « 200.00 
Berlin steel flower holder, from a “friend,” for mastifi in open 
CIASSER ae Se cai eee ey WE EC Ie: pee ee: A play 25 00 
Gup, given by a non-exhibitor for kennel of three mastiifs..._. 20.00 
The cooker ypaniel Club for cocker spaniel owned by a mem- jie 
BY as oe. ae ee ed bes eaeeh tty cee eee ca hots wate il ore - 
Yor best mastiff in show, given by the Editor of the 4merican 
Kennel Register.,........-. pate ejosd peti gae Ee 9ot omer als See sree 0.00 
English setter, large gold-héaded cane._..--,....,....+......,.. 50.00 
Bulldog, lamp....... DAL see Serpe duhdaid-beel itadnite eee rere eee eRe 40.00 
Ma Stitis sVithG, eng hares ee coe calarece's's tia ted oa i epee eit Seitic ems et 20.00 
Foxhound, hunting whip... .....-. .... . Sees eaters £9 SHED. 15.00 
King Charles spaniel. fire banner.... .-.-.....21.---4.ee eeeeee . 10,00 
Pointer, silver-plated ice pitcher and goblets....-....-......... 40.00 
Bull-terrier, dog’s head umbrella ... -. ec id eee ie ewchw ele op a 10 00 
English setter sired by Thunder, carved walnut bracket..._.... 25,00 
Collection of sporting dogs, casé dog biscnits,...,.....-.-. Me 
Beagle, hand-painted tile.,.... Soren opie 
St. Bernard, glass and silver wine set 
Skye terrier, wild catruy.....-. -.....0-..-...0-60-, 
Wire-haired, or Irish terrier, cigar holder and cigars 10,00 
Gordon sétter sired by Bob, glass wine set........-.. 16.00 
Collection of pugs, framed bronze plaque........... la 6.00 
Smooth-coated toy terrier. frosted fruit cake -... .......1...., 5.00 
Pointer sired by Donald, silver and glass pickle jar.._.........- 10.00 
Toy exhibited by alady, white elephant cologne beittle....... . 10.00 
Blenheim spaniel, tapestry table coyer...-.----.-.1-...-.... jax 2O500 
Gordon setter, case Brunswick” winé,_-.......... ccc escsesye 27,80 
Trish setter sired by Berkley, walnut umbrella siand.-...... espe, 
Toy terrier exhibited by a lady ot Philadelphia, artificial plant 
THNVaSe Ae OF eh fe tienes ao) ee oe ene ear earn EEE 5,00 
Tialian greyhound, half a dozen natural plants...-. .......... » 5.00 
Rough-coated toy terrier, frosted fruit cuke..................-- 5 00 
Yorkshire terrier, china oil lamp ....... -...s.ceewe esse aeen eee 10.00 
Black and tan terrier, pants and vest patterm,...........,..... . 15 00 
Newfoundland, a vest..:......... 22: TE, soaker orks be nd bottaeed es 10.00 
Hard-haired Scotch, tapestry table cloth, ..................-.. Pern es 4) 
Collie, a Scotch rug...... puthrijnoaetiasre fe cole cute hea --++s. 15.00 
Bedlington terrier, boxot cigars... ..-..<6- sere servers eeeyss= 10,00 
Pug brass coal scuttle -.........6.-+++--s--s act peas + 20.00 
King Charles spanie) exhibited by a lady of Philadelphia, a de- 
corated fruit) DOW!,... .- --ciyereees +s EGO RSs 20,00 
Chesapeake Bay dog, 2 card receiver. 17.50 
Cocker spaniel, a cake or fruit stand. 15.00 
Field or Clumber spaniel, a bronze ciga Wa eeio 
Collie under 12mos., 4 Cup....--. .-..,....-.- ..- 15.00 
Trish setter, a painted plaque......-..-.... 40.00 
Pox-terrier, a stained glass panel..... 200 
Deerhownd, asilver'eup.... icc ce eee ce enbvecsees 4 
Greyhound, a cup.........-.....--..-- bs tek fick 5 : F 
Several other specials are promised, and when received will 
be placed in the catalogue. Those already named foot up 
more than $1,000, which sum is additional to that of the regu- 
lar prizes. JAS, WATSON, Secretary. 
P.O, Box 770, Philadelphia, Pa. 
GUNSHYNESS. 
\ K TH receive many letters asking how a gimshy dog may be 
cured, The method given in “Training versus Breaking” 
is the one we haye always followed; and it has proved sticcess- 
ful with old dogs as well as with young ones. Following are the 
directions given in the book referred to: . 
“While our pup is yet young he should be taught to love the 
sound of the gun. This can be easily accomplished if the 
proper course is pursued. In the first place we take a couple 
of old tin pans, and while his attention is attracted by some- 
thing that interests him we strike them together, lightly at 
first; and if he appears to be afraid we are very careful not to 
add to his fright by a repetition of the noise anywhere near 
him, but take the pans to quife a distance from his pen and 
leave them, and wait awhile before trymg again, When ibis 
tire to feed him we goto the pans, and while sounding our 
whistle, as before described, to let him know that we are 
coming, we give a stroke just loud enough for him to hear 
plainly, and at once proceed to his pen and give him his feed. 
By pursuing this course for a few days, and gradually going a 
little closer every time, he will become accustomed to the 
sound, and learning that the sound is connected with our 
coming, and also his dinner, he gets used to it, and in a short 
time will stand the racket without flinching, When he has 
become so accustomed to the noise that he shows no signs of 
fear at quite a loud crash it is time to try him with the gun. 
In order to do ‘this understandingly, you will require an 
assistant. Let him take the gun loaded with a light charge of 
powder and stand at some little distance—say forty or fifty 
yards away—and be ready at your signal to fre. You will 
now enter his pen, and after he gets a little quiet call him to 
you and put a piece of meat before him and bid him Toho, at 
