No. 410.] THE EUROPEAN FAUNA. 93 
migration and the Siberian. To a certain extent, even an 
entry of northern Asiatic species has taken place by the 
southern route, and vice versa. On the other hand, southern 
species might have come to Europe by the southern route — 
that is to say, to the south of the Caspian —and also by the 
northern, which lay to the north of that great inland sea. 
The red deer [Cervus elaphus] is a good example. It arrived 
on our continent by both routes. However, there is a racial 
difference in the members of the two migrations. The small 
race now found in Corsica, Sardinia, northwest Africa, and 
western Europe is probably the older of the two, while the 
larger one — resembling the American wapiti deer — arrived 
very much later from Siberia.! 
“The mammoth, wild boar, badger, the dippers, and pheas- 
ants are all Oriental species which have come to us from the 
southeast ; but there are also reptiles and amphibians, and 
a host of invertebrates. Not all the animals, for instance, 
which have reached us in England from the southeast are of 
Asiatic origin. There is an active center of distribution in 
southeastern Europe itself, from which species radiate out 
in all directions. This fact is well illustrated by the genus 
‘Clausilia. Species from this center, and also from the Alps, 
joined the Oriental stream in their northward course. 
“In reviewing a number of instances of Oriental species in 
Europe one is struck by the peculiarity of their having appar- 
ently followed two distinct routes. All entered from Asia 
Minor, which is proved to have been connected with Greece 
until recent geological times. From here some seem to have 
proceeded straight west, others northward. Further study 
reveals the fact that the first route was followed by a much 
older set of migrants at a time when the Mediterranean area 
Was greatly different from what it is at the present day. 
Greece was then joined to southern Italy, Sicily, and Tunis. 
The latter was also connected with Sardinia and Corsica, and 
the Straits of Gibraltar did not exist. Under such geographical 
ger race of deer) 
10 a d i that it (że. the lar 
n page 250 it is stated that it appears that it ( Scharff, how- 
also reached England. Cervus elaphus is not enumerated by Dr. 
ever, as one of the Siberian migrants on page 202. — L. S. 
