No. 410.] THE EUROPEAN FAUNA. III 
divide red deer occur at present only in southern Sweden, 
but these belong to the great central European race, and it is 
highly interesting to note that a subfossil antler of this large 
form also has been found in southeastern Norway, in Ringerike,! 
consequently on the south side of the ice divide. This large- 
antlered deer, therefore, probably entered the Scandinavian 
peninsula from the south at a much later period, while the 
smaller Scotch form came early across the North Sea bridge 
and settled on the islands off the west coast of Norway. It 
wil be seen that this hypothesis agrees pretty well with Dr. 
Scharff's views, expressed on page 250, as follows: “ There 
were probably two distinct migrations of the red deer into 
Europe, an older one coming from Asia Minor into Greece, 
which stocked Sardinia, Corsica, Malta, and North Africa in 
the first place, when these were still connected with one 
another. This same migration likewise affected western con- 
tinental Europe, the Irish red deer being probably the descend- 
ant of this very ancient stock. The latter entered the island 
when it was still part of the continent. The later migration 
of a larger form came from Siberia and spread mainly over 
eastern and central Europe, but it appears that it also reached 
England, although there is no evidence of any of these Sibe- 
rian deer having ever inhabited Ireland." It will be seen that 
the case is exactly parallel to that of the deer in Norway. Dr. 
Scharff also calls attention in this connection to the double 
invasion of the reindeer, but under my supposition that both 
of the latter came from the east the parallelism is still more 
striking. n 
One isolated fact appears at first sight to be antagonistic to 
my theory of western Norway having been invaded from Scot- 
land and not vice versa, as Dr. Scharff thinks, vés., the occur. 
rence of a reindeer in Spitsbergen. I have above expressed 
the opinion that there was not à direct land connection 
between Spitsbergen and northern Norway at the time when 
Dr. Scharff's Arctic migration must be supposed to have taken 
place. Whence then did the Spitsbergen reindeer come from 
if not from Norway ? Unfortunately, the interrelationship of 
1 Collett. Nyt Mag. Naturv., Bd. xxxvi (1898), p. 360. 
