140 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. (VoL. XXXV. 
least it is not referred to by the next writers to be mentioned, 
whom we should regard as the founders of the theory of the 
Antarctica. .The first of them is Ruetimeyer.! He states dis- 
tinctly that we should take a part of the present faunas of. 
South America, South Africa, and Australia for remnants of 
an old fauna that spread over a larger extent of the Antarctic 
continent, and that this Antarctic continent was the center of 
origin of a peculiar Antarctic fauna. 
Practically the same idea — but without reference to Rueti- 
meyer — was set forth a little later by Hutton?; that is to say, 
he also assumed the former larger extension of the Antarctic 
continent, and its connection with the southern ends of the 
present continents. 
In 1875 Gill? relying on his studies on fishes, constructed 
his Eogaea, which was apparently conceived as a large conti- 
nental mass, embracing Africa, South America, and Australia ; 
but no mention is made of the Antarctica entering it. 
In opposition to all these theories, which construct land 
bridges, where there is now deep water, Wallace,* consistent 
with his views on the permanence of land and oceans, entirely 
repudiates these opinions, and believes that the faunal elements 
common to the southern continents are remnants of a formerly 
more extensive distribution, and have been pushed into the 
southern ends of the land by the competition with other 
animals. 
In favor of this view, Hutton? abandons his first theory of 
a connection by an Antarctic continent. But he still main- 
tains that there must have been a connection between Aus- 
tralia and South America, and he constructs a bridge across 
the mid-Pacific, assuming a large Pacific land mass, which was 
+ i L. eus die Herkunft unserer Thierwelt. Basel, 1867. 
2 Hutton, F. W. the Geographical Relations of the New Zealand Fauna. 
Trans. jet ew Zidane x. vol. v (1873) ; reprint in dan. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 4, 
vol. xiii (1874). 
Gill, T. On the Geographical Distribution of Fishes, Ann. Mag. Nat. 
Hist., Ser. 4, vol. xv (1875) 
* Wallac mo A. R. The Geographical Distribution of Animals, vol. i (1876). 
5 Hutton, F. W. On the Origin of the Fauna and Flora of New Zealand, Wew 
Zealand partis Sci, January, 1884; reprint in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 5, vol. 
xiii, June, 1884. 
