No.410] ANTARCTIC FAUNAS AND FLORAS. I4I 
joined, on the one side, to Australia and New Zealand, and, 
on the other, to Chili. | 
Von Ihering ! takes up again the Antarctic communication, 
but at the same time he accepts, at least in part, Hutton's 
Pacific continent. According to him, a large land mass 
extended from South America across the Antarctic regions 
to Australia, from whence it continued into the Pacific conti- 
nent, and even communicated with Asia (Archinotis). The 
Pacific continent was not directly connected with Chili. 
While all these writers expressed their opinions on the 
Antarctica only in a very general way, Forbes? was the first to 
give it a more definite shape by drawing a map of it. He 
constructs his Antarctica by raising the land to about the 
present two thousand fathoms line, which results in an enor- 
mous extension of the Antarctic land masses. 
In opposition to this, Hedley? restricts the Antarctica con- 
siderably, and admits only narrow connections of it with the 
other continents. He does not think that New Zealand was 
ever joined to the Antarctica by land, and does not believe in 
Hutton's Pacific continent, although a part of the Pacific islands 
were once connected with Australia and New Zealand. Of 
the latter relations he gives a map in his second paper. 
Finally, Osborn* gives a map of the possible extent of the 
Antarctica by raising the land to the 3040 meters line. This 
attempt resembles somewhat that of Forbes, but shows a 
1 Ihering, H. von. On the Ancient Relations between New Zealand and South 
America (Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. xxiv, 1891), and Die Ameisen von Rio 
Grande do Sul (Berlin. entomol. Zeitschr., Bd. xxxix, 1894). See also Science, v, 
December 7, 1900. 
Von Ihering has referred to this subject in numerous other papers, and it is 
extremely difficult to collect all of them, since a large number have been pub- 
lished in out-of-the-way places. Lists of them have been Ae by himself in 
Engler’s Botanische E Bd. xvii (1893), p. 9, and Science, 
Fo rbes, e Chatham nt g eir Relation to a der Southern 
); abstract: Antarctica, a 
C Con r 
Ancient Anas Life (Proc. Roy. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1895), and A Zoógeo- 
graphic Scheme for the Mid-Pacific (Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1899)- 
4 Osborn, H. F. The Geological and Faunal Relations of Eur 
America during the Tertiary Period, etc., Science, April 13, 1900. 
ope and 
