No. 415.] POSITION OF THE ALOCE, 
545 
arrangement proposed by this keen observer of morpho- 
logical characters in animals is, in the case of the birds in 
question, as follows: 
SUPERORDER ORDER SUPERFAMILY FAMILY 
(II) Impennes (V) Ptilopteri Spheniscidz 
Colymboidez Colymbidz 
| Heliornithoideæ í Srn 
(Heliornidæ) 
. Álcoldese Urinatoridz 
(111) (VI) fenem 
Euornithes ^ Cecomorphz Leiobtus f Stercorariida 
| Laride 
Diomedide 
Procellaroideze | Procellaridæ 
* l Pelecanoididz 
From this it will be seen that the penguins (Spheniscidz) 
are well separated from the grebes (Podicipedide : auct.) and 
these latter from the loons and auks, an arrangement which is 
à very natural one, based as it is upon an appreciation of the 
structural characters of the representatives of the families con- 
sidered. Still, in the opinion of the present writer the associ- 
ation of the Urinatoridz and the Alcide is too close, and not 
warranted upon morphological grounds. 
Several years later, Dr. Hans Gadow (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1892, 
P. 229) also proposed a “Classification of Birds,” in which he 
attempted to employ all the known structural characters of the 
class Aves, as well as the previous opinions of all recognized 
aüthorities upon avian taxonomy. His position selected for 
the Alcze is shown in the following scheme, abstracted from 
his arrangement as a whole: 
Charadriide 
Glareolidz 
Thinocoridz 
(Edicnemidz 
Parridz 
Alcide 
Laride 
( | Chionididz 
16. Charadriiformes < I. Limicole 
II. Gavie 
ES 
