Photomicrographs of cross sections of raw and steamed apple skins, illustrating 

 variations in structure of cuticle and hypodermal cell walls and changes caused 

 by cooking. A, Delicious raw; B, Delicious steamed for 45 minutes; C, Golden 

 Delicious raw; D, Golden Delicious steamed for 45 minutes; E, Jonathan raw; 

 F, Jonathan steamed for 45 minutes, a, Junctural mass of pectic material; 

 b, nodule; c, intercellular space; d, supplementary cutin deposit; e, middle 

 lamella; /, pit and pit area; g, eroded cuticle; h, spongy cell wall; i, channel in 

 cuticle; j, cell content. X 385. 



