with refrigeration. Weight losses after 7 days on a nonrefrigerated counter 
were 3.4 percent for bulk, 2.6 percent for sleeve-wrapped trays, and 1.1 per- 
cent in perforated polyethylene bags. After 7 days in a refrigerated display, 
weight losses were 2.4 percent for bulk apples, 1.0 percent in sleeve-wrapped 
trays, and 0.6 percent in polyethylene bags (42). Other merchandising proce- 
dures are evaluated by Dalrymple (22), Brunk (9), and Dominick (23). 
Master Containers 
Most prepackaged apples are shipped with 9 to 15 bags in corrugated 
cartons, often with dividers between the bags. The arrangement of bags or 
other consumer packages within cartons is not standardized. The corrugated 
cartons are made of 175- to 275-pound test board (67). 
Cairns, Carlsen, and Chapogas (11) found that corrugated pads were needed 
between layers of packages in master containers to minimize bruising. Perkins 
(61, 62) conducted shipping tests of McIntosh and Starr apples in polyethylene 
bags, and found less bruising on arrival at terminal warehouses when bags were 
packed horizontally rather than vertically. In the vertically packed cartons, 
2 bags were™im-a ‘single tier, with 2) bags im each of 6 cells. Im’ the hoeri- 
zontally packed cartons, 12 bags were in 2 tiers, with 6 on the bottom and 6 on 
the top. Severe bruising after shipment amounted to 38 percent in the vertical 
pack, and only 12 percent in the horizontal pack, There was no difference in 
cost of the two types of master containers. 
Merchant, Gavett, Underwood, and McDonald (52) noted that use of 275- 
pound test strength master containers resulted in less bruising than 200-pound 
test containers, Levin and Gaston (45) pointed out that master containers 
should not be so small that packers have difficulty in putting the required 
number of bags into them. Nor should they be so large that bags will shift 
during transit and bruise the fruit. 
Literature Cited for Shipping Containers and Consumer Packaging 
1. Anonymous. 
1953. New Containers for Apples. Wash. State Apple Commission and Wash. 
State College. Apple Res. Digest 75:1-4, and 76:1-4. 
1960. Upturn in Pre-packaging. Mod. Packaging 33(11):89-94, 230. 
1961. Tight Wrap Film for Produce, Mod. Packaging 35(3):118-119. 
1962. Profits from Packaging. Internatl,. Fruit World. 22({1):109, L11, 
1S ella — eG eto 2 — 222 
1963. Recent Advances in Apple Packaging. Internatl, Fruit World. 
DU @SRUGG.. 149=150, 4153-154, 1575 159-160. 
43 
