Smith and Roach (64) found that a minimum of 4 to 6 percent of the bottom sur- 
face of bulk boxes should be slotted to provide sufficient ventilation. Cor- 
rugated liners in bulk boxes retarded cooling even though they were provided 
with the same ventilation space as unlined boxes (55). 
Hall and Mellor (34) found that with 10 percent of the bin bottom 
suitably ventilated and the whole bin freely exposed, initial cooling was as 
high as 4 degrees F. per hour, Rates of cooling of better than 2.5 degrees F, 
per hour were obtained with bins stacked three deep. With deeper stacking, 
cooling rate progressively decreases. Others have pointed out the importance 
of good spacing for cooling of bulk boxes (11, 21, 55). They should be 6 inches 
away from all walls; 5 inches should be allowed between rows; and pallet open- 
ings should all be in the same direction in storage and parallel to the direc- 
tion of airflow. 
Many workers have enumerated various construction details for bulk boxes 
which would add strength, minimize friction or bruise damage, or improve the 
cooling characteristics of these containers for apples (8, 9, 10, 24, 34, 38, 
A2,©50,54,"55, 57,64). 
Carlsen et al. (18) loaded cars at shipping point in the Pacific North- 
west using disposable pallets in an attempt to improve handling. While this 
technique may eventually become practical, it added too much cost in 1955, 
Literature Cited for Harvesting, Handling, Grading, and Packing 
1. Anonymous. 
1960, Bulk Bins Are Better Than Bushel Boxes, Fruit World & Market 
Grower 61(9):7-8. 
1964, Bulk Bins Offer Many Advantages, Fruit World & Market Grower, 
65:05) #8, 10, 
Seno Allen, Fo. We 
1951, Apple Growing in California: Sec. VII - Harvesting and Handling. 
Calif. Agr. A~Ext., Cir. 178.4: pp. 
4 y 
1951, Apple Growing in California: Sec. VIII - Packing, Storing, 
Processing. Calif. Agr..ixt. Cire, 178,120 pp. 
oir and Hewitt, V. J. 
1958. Apples, Pears, Grapes and Bananas, Amer. Soc. Refrig. Engin. 
Refrigeration Applications Data Book, Chap. 24, 18 pp. 
6. Blackburn, W. 
1961. Four Years Experience Handling McIntosh in Pallet Boxes. N. Y. 
State Hort. Soc. Proc. 106:109-110, 
7. Blakeley, R. A., and Spencer, J. F. 
1960, Planning Your Packing Shed Layout for Production. N. Y. (Cornell) 
Agr. Expt..Sta..-A.- Eo. Ext... 100,. 34, pp% 
28 
