there was only 16 percent slight bruising and no severe bruising. Hunter, 
Kafer, and Meyer (40) developed a float-roll sorting table that allowed about 
17 percent more fruit to be sorted per hour than a reverse-roll table, Fruit 
could be seen more completely as apples were not crowded on the table, and the 
speed of forward motion of fruit was adjustable, They found no more bruising 
of Delicious apples from use of a float-roll table than from a reverse-roll 
table. 
Burt (14) developed a packing line for McIntosh which utilized a drum 
dumper, sorting table, brusher, eliminator, sizer, and return-flow belt. It 
also employed an automatic box filler for jumble filling of utility grade fruit. 
This packing line allowed McIntosh apples to be packed mechanically at a lower 
labor cost with no increase in fruit injury. 
Metz (52) found that supervision of grading and packing operations was 
often inadequate, 
Carlsen and Herrick (19) described an automatic box filler that virtu- 
ally eliminates labor costs in "loose filling'' wood or corrugated containers. 
It uniformly filled 3 to 4 boxes of apples per minute. This was done gently 
with less danger of bruising than with most manual methods of box filling. 
Moving Into Storage 
Following grading and packing, fruit should be moved promptly into 
storage. Delayed storage is usually harmful, as each day at 70° F. reduces 
the storage life at 32° by a week (29, 65). Rapid cooling to remove field 
heat is desirable for most varieties (5, 34, 58, 59). Details of storage con- 
struction, arrangement, refrigeration equipment, and temperature and humidit ' 
requirements are described in numerous reports (5, 30, 36, 39, 58, 59, 65). 
In 1963, Heffernan (36) published plans for a packing GS, A Saacaine area, 
a 140, 000- bushel conventional storage, and for eight eeneromieds -atmosphere 
rooms totaling 100,000-bushel capacity. 
A high relative humidity in storage is essential if loss of moisture 
from fruit is to be minimized. Rostos (59) reported that weight losses average 
1/2 to 1 percent per month in refrigerated storage, It is also well established 
that dry boxes and packing materials alone may absorb a pound or more of mois- 
ture per package (5). Sometimes storage crates are moistened before use in 
storage and sometimes moisture is added to the rooms to prevent fruit shrivel- 
ing. The storage of apples in both air and controlled atmospheres is covered 
in greater detail in a separate section. 
Use of pallet bins or bulk boxes in storage will conserve space. 
McBirney and van Doren (48), Herrick, McBirney, and Carlsen (38) and Patchen 
and Sainsbury (55) calculated that a cold storage can hold about 20 percent 
more fruit if bulk boxes are used instead of individual crates. With more 
fruit in storage, it must be remembered that more cooling capacity is needed 
G@hy BB. Gi). 
Some types of bulk boxes cool fruit slightly slower than field crates, 
but not prohibitively. In general, apples stored in pallet boxes cool as well 
as or better than those stored in wooden boxes on pallets (21, 34, 38, 54, 55, 
64). Patchen and Sainsbury (55), and Herrick, McBirney and Carlsen eGayr evalu- 
ated many kinds of commercial and experimental bulk boxes. O'Brien (54) sug- 
gested that a 47-inch-square bulk box with 24-inch depth should have about 100 
square inches of opening in the sides or bottom to provide adequate ventilation 
for good cooling in storage. Where air circulation is from ceiling to floor, 
27, 
