91. Wilkinson, B. G. 
1961. Simple Method for Following the Climacteric in Apples. Jour. 
Hort. SiGies 36:197-201. 
92. .Woodmansee, C. W., McClendon, J. H., and Somers, G,. F. 
1959. Chemical Changes Associated with the Ripening of Apples and 
Tomatoes, Food Res. 24:503-514. 
93. Workman, Milton. 
1963. Color and Pigment Changes in Golden Delicious and Grimes Golden 
Apples. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Proc. 83:149-161. 
94, Zubeckis, E. 
1957. Effect of Harvest Maturity on the Quality of McIntosh Apple Juice, 
Ontario Hort. Expt. Sta. Rpt. (Vineland) 58:85-87, 
HARVESTING, HANDLING, GRADING, AND PACKING uy 
Harvesting 
If fruit is to reach the consumer in good condition, great care must be 
taken at each step in handling from orchard to retailing. Harvesting of apples 
must be carefully supervised or fruit may be severely damaged before it even 
reaches the packing house, Many bulletins have described the need for improved 
handling, but bruising and other mechanical damage continue to be a leading 
cause of waste in marketing, Many lots of apples are handled as many as 30 
times from picking to consumer. 
Setting ladders against the tree is one of the first operations where 
damage may occur, Excessive speed in picking is another cause of injury accord- 
ing to Ellenwood (25). 2/ Men who pick the most boxes often bruise the most 
apples, although this does not mean that fast workers are always rough. Good 
picking and handling practices have been described by Fisher and Smith (29), 
Allen (3), Woodward (74), Blanpied, Markwardt, and Ludington (11), Dominick and 
Stanton (23) and Chapman (20). Workers should pick as much fruit as possible 
while standing on the ground before they set a ladder, Then they should pick 
as they move up a ladder. Rules for ladder safety have been listed by Blanpied 
eeval2@lo)e 
Picking Containers 
There is no general agreement of the best picking container, Fisher and 
Smith (29) found that metal picking buckets with canvas bottoms caused less 
fruit damage than canvas picking bags. Woodward (74) found that care exercised 
in picking and dumping fruit into boxes was more important than the type of 
picking container. For easily damaged varieties, such as McIntosh and Golden 
1/ See also section on Bruise Control. 
Alf Underscored numbers in parentheses refer to Literature Cited, p. 28. 
23 
