shifting backwards in the rear stacks, an effective load locking device is 
recommended. The necessary air circulation for proper refrigeration of the. load 
was obtained by lengthwise channels, a space of 10 to 12 inches between the load 
and rear doors, sidewall stripping, and adequate floor grooves or racks. Ven- 
tilation holes or slots in the cartons would also improve fruit temperatures, 
Loading patterns for rail refrigerator cars are prescribed in the vari- 
ous railroad freight container tariffs. In a good load, the containers must be 
placed to take advantage of their maximum strength and permit adequate stripping 
or use of spaces to maintain alignment and necessary air channels. Adequate 
bracing should be used to prevent load shifting in transit. 
The benefits derived from bulk and pallet handling of apples in harvest- 
ing, packing, and storage may be extended to transportation as well. Breakiron 
(1) indicates some of the advantages and disadvantages of pallet containers for 
shipping. 
Another method of unitized loading in which the containers are strapped 
on a disposable pallet has been reported by Carlsen and others (2). These units 
were placed in the vehicle by forklift truck with a minimum of hand labor. 
They moved well during transit, but some difficulty was experienced at unloading 
in removing the doorway pallets because of a load shift. 
Further developments in equipment and methods of bulk handling may be 
expected that will contribute to lower transportation costs and reduce loss of 
quality in the movement of apples, particularly for processing and consumer 
packaging in the retail distribution areas, 
Literature Cited for Transportation 
L. Breakiron, Ps Ls 
1961. Pallet Containers for Transportation of Agricultural Perishables. 
Progress and Problems, 15th Natl. Conf. on Handling Perishable Agr. 
Commod., Purdue Univ., March 20-23, Proc. pp. 51-58. 
2. .Carisen, E. W., Duerden, R.« S., Hunters, D..L., and Herrick, J. F- 
1955. Innovations in Apple Handling Methods and Equipment. U. S. Dept. 
Agr. Mktg. Res. Rpt. 68, 89 pp. 
34) “Fisher, D. F.; and Smith, Edwin. 
1951. Handling Apples From Tree to Table. U. S. Dept. Agr. Cir. 659, 
43 pp., Illus. (Revised.) 
4, Gerhardt, F. 
1955. The Use of Film Box Liners To Extend Storage Life of Pears and 
Apples. U. S. Dept. Agr. Cir. 965, 26 pp., illus. 
Die and Smith, E. 
1945. Physiology and Dessert Quality of Delicious Apples as Influenced 
by Handling, Storage, and Simulated Marketing Practices. Wash. State 
Hort. Assoc. Proc. 41:151-169, 1/1-172, 
Oi Smith, E., Bratley, C. 0O., and others. 
1946. Shipping Tests With Delicious Apples From Wenatchee, Wash. to New 
York and Other Eastern Markets. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., 
soils, and Agr. Engin.,; H.t.6S., Off. Ret. 172, 12 pp. 
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