34. "Teskey, B. .l. E., cand Francis, 3k. Jc 
1954. Color Changes in the Skin and Flesh of Stored McIntosh Apples 
Treated With 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyproprionic Acid. Amer. Soc. Hort. 
Sei. Proc. 63%220-224 . 
356 Tolle, Wa E. 
1961. Film-Permeability Requirements for Storage of Apples. U. S. Dept. 
Agr. tech. Bul. 1257,. 2. pp. 
36. Toothman, Js'S.,, and Anderson; -Dv Li. 
1958. Equipment Specifications for Tray Display of Produce in Retail 
Stores. U.S, Dept... Agr, AMS=-279> 1S pp., albus. 
S/o Van Waes yD. As 
1951. Economic Significance of Bruising on Retail Sales of McIntosh 
Apples. Ph.D. Thesis. Cornell University. 
38. Whiteman, T. M. 
1957. Freezing Points of Fruits, Vegetables and Florist Stocks. U. S. 
Dept. Agr. Mktg. Res. Rpt. 196;-32-pp;,, illus. 
39. Workman, M. 
1959. The Status of Polyethylene Film Liners To Provide Modified Atmos- 
phere for the Storage of Apples. Eastern Fruit Grower 23(7):6, 10-14. 
40, Wright, R. C., Rose, D. H.,: and Whiteman, TM: 
1954. The Commercial Storage of Fruits, Vegetables, and Florist and 
Nursery Stocks, U. S. Depts Agr) Handb’.. 66,;~77 “pp. 
BRUISE CONTROL L/ 
The per-capita consumption of apples within the United States is about 
two-thirds of what it was 20 years ago (23, 78, 103). 2/ since most people 
like apples, many of the failures to buy them must be the result of objections 
either to price or to condition of the apples offered, or to both of these 
factors. It seems significant, therefore, that bruising or mechanical injury 
was found to be the main cause of inferior McIntosh apples in 168 Massachusetts 
retail stores (85). Similarly, bruising was found to be present on 85 percent 
of the Delicious pt eae on sale in Chicago, Los Angeles, New York City, and 
Washington, D.C. 3/ Several other studies have shown that practically all 
apples on retail display are bruised (8, 15, 38, 40, 47, 78). There appears to 
be little doubt, on the basis of sales alone, that buyers are not satisfied 
with the condition of the apples offered for sale (46) and that the control of 
bruising is highly important. Research on this problem is here reported under 
the subsections: (a) General, (b) Farm and Orchard, (c) Packing and Storage, 
(d) Transportation, Warehousing and Hauling, (e) Retailing, and (f) Super- 
vision. 
1/ See also section on Shipping Containers and Consumer Packaging. 
2/  Underscored numbers in parentheses refer to Literature Cited, p. 150. 
3/ Unpublished reports on file in Market Quality Research Division, 
Horticultural Crops Branch, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md. 
134 
