handle such fruits less often. Other retailers display their apples in short 
stacks of the original shipping trays lifted from the shipping cartons directly 
to the display counters. This SEIS further bruising by clerks and it 
lessens that caused by customers. 10/ See also Retailing in the section on 
Terminal Market Handling. 
Advertising, as well as special bulletings, has had its part in selling 
bruise prevention to personnel. Corey (24) reported in 1962 that the Western 
New York Apple Growers Association had issued "pin-ups" for the backrooms of 
retail stores, using such slogans as ''Treat me gently...,'' "I bruise so-o0-o0-o 
ealsHulivetts julie tCrs 
A novel attempt to reduce bruising from customer handling, and to in- 
crease sales at the same time, was an "'apple marketing tree,'' designed as a 
food display to hold 60 five-pound bags of apples. The idea was tried in 97 
stores in New York State in 1959. Its main disadvantage was its small size. 
Reduced bruising from customer handling was an advantage mentioned by 84 per- 
cent of the interviewed personnel (25). 
Ceponis and Kaufman (19) reported that apples displayed in overwrapped 
trays had fewer bruises than apples displayed in bags or in bulk. When held 4 
days beyond the usual retail period at 70° F., they also had less decay. 
Lewis (58) observed that bruises on apples became badly discolored when 
the apples were displayed without refrigeration. When similar apples were 
refrigerated the bruises were not discolored. Fully ripe, badly bruised apples 
deteriorated much faster when displayed without refrigeration. See also (1, 
Da) B95) 508h595 85), 
Supervision 
In almost every survey on bruising causes, the importance of supervision 
is stressed. Bisno (6) found that bruised apples packed with sound ones can 
cause 200 times as much decay as when sound apples are packed alone. Washington 
State workers determined that the most important bruise prevention factor is 
packinghouse supervision (36). Apples carefully handled as a result of good 
supervision can be delivered to retail stores with one-half to one-third as 
much bruise damage as fruits not handled under careful supervision (36, 92, 
104). 
Packer rating systems have been used for years by some packing plants. 
Plants using packer rating systems for the first year usually have less satis- 
factory bruising scores than plants that have used the system for more than one 
year, but they rapidly improve (112, 113). 
The supervision of packing operations has many facets. One of these that 
has direct bearing on apple bruising is the layout of the packinghouse. 
Williams and Blakeley (118) reported in 1959 on studies of the flow patterns of 
apples from storage to shipping areas in 39 packing plants. They pointed out 
that longer, indirect routes through the plants cause more bruising of fruits 
and add to the costs of handling through longer travel time, more confusion and 
congestion in the packing room. See also references (7, 96). 
Perkins (78) suggested that a program for reduction of apple bruising in 
packinghouse and in shipping-point storages should especially include better 
10/ See footnote 3, p. 134. 
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