packing and packaging techniques, improved containers and loading methods, 
palletized handling, closer supervision and educational programs. 
Washington State has been outstanding in its educational efforts to pro- 
duce higher quality apples and more profits for its growers. The main points 
of its quality control program have included: (a) A 2-year survey of the 
appearance and condition of apples in markets and a report of this information 
by colored slides at growers’ meetings; (b) a movie film on careful picking, 
produced and shown for 3 or more years in theaters and schools throughout the 
State; (c) a method for rating pickers, by use of a standard apple sampler and 
a scoring system, to lessen picking damage; (d) cartoon films to show packing 
crews throughout the State, using data gathered from detailed studies of apple 
packing operations; (e) a method of rating apple packers to pinpoint packing 
care; (f) posters directed to workers to illustrate how to lessen bruising of 
apples; (g) simulated transit studies to find ways of improving the standard 
pack by use of pads and liners; (h) encouraged tray packs over standard packs; 
and (i) reduced rough handling in warehouses through use of mechanical stackers 
(35). Thus, Washington State workers, among others, have identified the sources 
of bruising of apples and have followed a program for correction (107, 111). 
It is believed that other educational programs likewise should be arranged to 
reach all workers in the trade (10, 78). 
Hauck (47) wrote a fitting summary on the subject of bruise prevention: 
"Any effective program to provide apples with less bruising damage for the 
customer requires joint action. The grower, the trucker, the warehouseman, 
the deliveryman, the produce manager, and any others who handle apples, are 
involved. Neither grower nor anyone else in the marketing channels can do the 
‘job alone. A program to get cooperative action to reduce bruises would be well 
worthwhile. The wide range in bruising between better and poorer samples shows 
that considerable improvement is possible. This is true at the farm and at the 
retail store." 
Literature Cited for Bruise Control 
1. Anonymous. 
1953. Careful Handling and Good Merchandising Step Up Apple Sales. U.S. 
Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. 2(3):12-13. 
2s 
1959, Mechanical Packing in the Apple Industry. Deciduous Fruit Grower 
9(¢1:2) 332-333. 
Se 
1960. Bulk Bins Are Better Than Bushel Boxes. Grower 54:52-53. 
4. 
1962. Contour Packing for Bruise-Free Sparkling Fruit. Amer. Fruit 
Grower 82(8):9-11, 16-18. 
5. Armentrout, W. W. 
1952. Some Customers Pay No Attention to Bruises on Apples. W. Va. Agr. 
EXpL.. Stas, Buls 357 €1)>.7 pp. 
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