There is general agreement that an adequate spray program in the orchard 
greatly reduced gloeosporium rot during storage (22, 23, 49, 62, 89, 101, 141, 
144, 156, 177). 
Burchill and Edney (36) found that decay of Cox's Orange Pippin apples 
during storage was determined by maturity (ripeness) of the fruit rather than by 
the quantity of inoculum present on the fruit. 
Montgomery (109) found that rot caused by Gloeosporium album was much 
more extensive on apples in cold storage than on those in controlled-atmosphere 
storage. If the rot was due to Gloeosporium perennans, however, the reverse was 
true. 
In trials with an air washing apparatus in cold and gas storage, Hansen 
(64) found the effect mainly one of raising the humidity. Gloeosporium rot in- 
creased as humidity increased. 
Jamalainen (76) also reported losses from gloeosporium rot were heavy in 
storages with high relative humidity. 
Nyhlen (118) reported extensive gloeosporium rot on 5 varieties of apples 
stored at +2° to 3° C. (35.6° to 37.4° F.). These temperatures are considerably 
higher than the 31° F. storage temperature recommended in the United States for 
most varieties of apples. 
Moldy Core, Carpel Discoloration, and Core Rot.--Moldy core and carpel 
discoloration affect varieties with open calyx tubes. A variety of fungi have 
been isolated from moldy cores in different parts of the world. 
Mouat (110) found Neofabraea perennans the principal cause of moldy core 
of Delicious apples in New Zealand. He stated that moldy core could be con- 
trolled by following the recommended spray program. 
Miller (105) isolated Fusarium sp., Botrytis sp., and Alternaria sp. most 
frequently from affected carpels of Wagener and Red Delicious apples. He repro- 
duced carpel discoloration by injecting these fungi or by injecting certain spray 
materials especially when the material included a wetting agent. Miller (106) 
suggested that dry weather in late spring or early summer may cause the calyx 
tube to remain open. Heavy rains late in the season would favor fungus develop- 
ment. 
Taylor (163) found the black rot fungus, Physalospora obtusa (Schw.) Cke., 
most prevalent as a cause of core rot of Red Delicious grown in Georgia. 
Pyrenochaeta Rot (Pyrenochaeta mali M.A. Sm.).--Pyrenochaeta rot (148), a 
new disease, was found on a Rome Beauty apple grown in Washington. The original 
specimen showed small dark drawn spots centered around lenticels, Apples inocu- 
lated through wounds and incubated at about 60° F. slowly developed decay. 
Apples dipped in a spore suspension failed to become infected through normal 
lenticels. It would appear that infection followed some kind of injury at the 
lenticels in becoming established in the original specimen, The Pyrenochaeta 
fungus is not expected to become an important apple fruit pathogen. 
Stemphylium Rot (Stemphylium spp.) .--Several species of Stemphylium have 
been reported as causing a rot of stored apples both in Europe and the United 
States, Certain species develop the perfect stage which aligns them with the 
genus Pleospora. 
Stemphylium rot usually develops on injured or weakened tissues and is of 
minor importance. Lesions are small to medium size, brown to nearly black, 
moderately firm due to the spongy texture of decayed tissues, and nearly indis- 
tinguishable from alternaria rot. 
Behr (17) reported stemphylium (Stemphylium botryosum Wallr.) in 1960 for 
the first time in Germany. Susceptibility of apples increased with ripeness, 
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