174. 
eyes 
176. 
177s 
178. 
179. 
180. 
181. 
62% 
133% 
184, 
Wallace, J.5 Kuc, Ji... and Draudts He Ne 
1962. Biochemical Changes in the Water-Insoluble Material of Maturing 
Apple Fruit and Their Possible Relationship to Disease Resistance. 
Phytopathology 52:1023-1027. 
Weaver, L. O. 
1953. Botryosphaeria Rot of Apple in Maryland, Phytopathology 43:407. 
Wiebosch, W. A. 
1948, Bespuiting van vruchlbomen met mangaan--en boriumzouten. Meded, 
Direct. Tuinb.. 11 3320-3.23.¢ 
Wilkinson, E. H. 
1954, Fungal Rots of, Apples With Special Reference to Gloeosporium spp. 
Ann... Appl... -Biol. 41:354=358'. 
Wilkinson, G. B. 
1962. Control of Bitter Pit in Apples; N.-A. A. S- Quart> Revanor 
159-162. 
Williams, D. B. 
1963. Studies on the Nature and Control of York Spot, a Physiological 
Disorder of the York Imperial Apple. Diss. Abstr. 23:3586. 
Woodhead, C. E. 
1959, Bitter Pit in Apples. New Zeal. Jour. Agr. 98:135-136. 
and Jacks, H. 
1952. Nature and Control of Ripe Spot of Apples. New Zeal. Jour. Agr. 
84 3239-240. 
Wright, IT. R., and Smith, Edwin. 
1954. Relation of Bruising and Other Factors to Blue Mold Decay of 
Delicious. Apples..- U.S. Dept. Agr., Cite: 935, -15 pp. 
Yamazaki, T., and Mori, H. 
1961. Studies on Bitter Pit in Relation to Mineral Nutrition. Jap. 
Soc. Hort. Sci. Jour. 30:347-350. 
Mori, H., Yokomizo, H., and Fukuda, H. 
1962, Relation of Bitter Pit to Mineral Nutrition of Apples. Tohoku 
Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 23:153-161. 
SCALD 
Apple scald is still a major source of loss during late storage of 
apples in many parts of the world. It is a superficial physiological disorder 
(often called superficial scald) of the skin characterized by irregular-shaped 
brown blotches, which makes fruit unattractive or even unsalable on the fresh 
market. The browning may be light in some seasons and on some varieties, or it 
may be severe and progress until much of the surface is dark brown and some- 
times roughened. 
194 
