662 WHO ARE SOME OF THE MAKERS OF BIOLOGY? 



process as had been thought up to that time. This discovery 

 led to very practical ends, for France was a great wine-producing 

 country, and with a knowledge of the cause of fermentation it was 

 possible to check the diseases which had spoiled wine. 



In 1865-1868 Pasteur turned his attention to a silkworm dis- 

 ease which threatened to wipe out the silk industry of France and 



Italy. He found that this 

 disease was caused by two 

 tiny organisms, one a pro- 

 tozoan, the other a bacte- 

 rium. After careful study 

 he made certain recom- 

 mendations which, when 

 carried out, resulted in the 

 complete conquest of the 

 disease and the saving of 

 millions of dollars to the 

 people of France and Italy. 

 His greatest service to 

 mankind came later in his 

 life when he applied certain 

 of his discoveries to the 

 treatment of disease in 

 people. First experiment- 

 ing upon chickens, he 

 proved that a vaccine made 

 from the germs which 

 caused chicken cholera could be reduced to any desired strength. 

 He then inoculated chickens with the vaccine of reduced strength, 

 giving them a mild form of the disease, and found that this made 

 them immune. This discovery, first applied to chicken cholera, 

 laid the foundation for all future work in the uses of serums, 

 vaccines, and antitoxins. 



Pasteur is perhaps best known through his study of rabies. The 

 great Pasteur Institute, founded by popular subscriptions from 

 all over the world, has successfully treated many thousands of 

 cases of rabies with a death rate of less than one per cent. But 



Robert Koch. 



Culver Service 



