664 WHO ARE SOME OF THE MAKERS OF BIOLOGY? 



Morton and anaesthesia. One can well imagine what a horrible 

 thing an operation was in the early days of surgery when no 

 anaesthetics were used. The first use of ether in surgery was 

 made by Dr. T. G. Morton in the Massachusetts General Hospital 



on October 16, 1846. Later 

 chloroform was used, and up 

 to the present time no better 

 agents have been found. 

 The use of anaesthetics was 

 one of the great discoveries 

 in medicine, as they relieve 

 suffering and make operations 

 so much easier and safer. 



Modern workers on the 

 blood. At the present time 

 several names stand out 

 among investigators of the 

 blood. PaulEhrlich (ar'liK), 

 a German born in 1854, is 

 justly famous for his work on 

 the blood and its relation to 

 immunity from certain dis- 

 eases. His able research 

 work has given the world a 

 much better understanding 

 of acquired immunity and has enabled physicians to fight the 

 dread venereal disease, syphilis, with good results. 



Another name associated with the blood is that of Elias Metch- 

 nikoff, a Russian born in 1845. He first advanced the belief that 

 colorless blood corpuscles, or phagocytes, do service as the sanitary 

 police of the body. He has found that there are several different 

 kinds of colorless corpuscles, each having different work to do. 

 Much of the more modern work done on the blood is founded 

 directly on the discoveries of Metchnikoff. 



Other workers. Many other names could be added. Walter 

 Reed, the leader of the fight against yellow fever; Major Ross, 

 who discovered the malarial parasite ; Carrel, who was responsible 



Brown Brothers 



Professor Erhlich. 



