228 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. 
instances occur in Kane, Dupage, Richland, Monroe, Morgan, Tazewell, 
and other counties. Indeed, in nearly every portion of the State, re- 
mains of trees are found in the ancient soil in which they grew in situ 
beneath the gravelly clays and hard pan of the drift. 
In Martin county, Indiana, near the town of Shoals, on the O. & M. 
railroad, there are numerous outliers of sandstone of carboniferous 
age, high and sharp ridges, and much wild and rugged scenery. A high 
ridge terminates near the east fork of White river, from the top of which 
there is a projecting mass of conglomerate sandstone, called the “ Pin- 
nacle,’ which stands 170 feet’ above the level of the stream. On the 
north side of this ridge, there is a tall outlier, which is called “Jug 
Rock,” from the resemblance which it bears to a jug. It is 42 feet 
high, and supports, on its top, a flat projecting layer, which is called 
the “Stopper.” <A picture of this rock forms the frontispiece to the 
Second Report on the Geological Survey of that State, by E. T. Cox. 
The “Knobs,” or “ Knob stone formation,” of Southern Indiana, is so 
named from outliers of subcarboniferous sandstone that have protected 
the underlying shaly rocks from denudation during all the ages that 
have passed since the Carboniferous era. Warren county is situated 
in the northwestern part of the State, and is deeply covered by the 
drift, near the base of which, and resting on a broken and irregular 
floor of Coal Measure rocks, there is generally found a bed of clay 
somewhat intermixed with quicksand and black muck. In sinking a 
shaft to the base of this drift, an ancient soil, containing the roots of 
trees and shrubs in situ was discovered, notwithstanding the passage 
through more than 50 feet of the bowlder drift and clay. And it may 
be laid down as a rule, in Indiana, that in all cases where the soil was 
not swept off by the flood of waters in the drift period, it will be found, 
at the base of the drift, containing the evidences of land vegetation, 
not materially distinct from that which now prevails on the top of the 
drift deposits. : 
There are extensive driftless areas in eastern and southern Ohio. 
These are marked by outliers, monument rocks, sharp ridges, rugged 
scenery, and the total absence of the drift sand, gravel, and bowlders, 
that characterize drift areas. The outspread of the drift materials 
from the north extends to the sources of the rivers that flow into the 
Ohio, and over more or less of the land intervening between the minor 
branches, near where the leading streams arise; but below this, the 
drift material is found only in the valleys uf the principal rivers. It — 
seems that wherever the valley was large enough to carry off the flow 
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