40 HISTORICAL NOTES ON BEE DISEASES. 
that 2 per cent carbolic acid would not kill the spores of Bacillus alvei 
in six hours, and concluded that carbolic acid in this strength could 
not be relied upon as a hive disinfectant to destroy the spores of 
this organism. 
Mackenzie says that if the shaking treatment is employed, the 
question of the presence of Bacillus alver in the workers, queen, and 
eggs must be considered in the discussion of the value of such treat- 
ment. He claims to have confirmed the results obtained by Cheshire 
that the bacilli are sometimes found in the intestine of the worker 
and the ovaries of the queen, but that the finding of the bacillus in 
the eggs of an infected queen needs confirmation. 
He reports an experiment from which he concluded that carbolic 
acid (1-500), as used in medicated sirup in the treatment of foul 
brood, does not kill the spores but prevents their germination, and 
thus gives the bees a chance to rid themselves of the infection. ‘‘Its 
advantage,’’ he writes, In comparing it with a shaking method, ‘‘is 
that it can be carried on for a longer time.’’ Concerning beta naph- 
thol, he concludes that a 1-1,000 solution in bouillon possesses the 
same value as an antiseptic as a 1-500 solution of carbolic acid 
and he believed that it would probably be more acceptable to the 
bees. The use of salicylic acid was thought by him to be followed 
by about the same results as carbolic acid and beta naphthol in the 
medication of sirup. For the cleaning of hives and frames he recom- 
mends a 10 per cent solution of soft soap or washing powder. 
The following points of interest are found in Mackenzie’s paper: 
1. He accepted the work of Cheshire and Cheyne as demonstrat- 
ing conclusively that Bacillus alver is the cause of foul brood, and 
used in his laboratory experiments a bacillus which he identified as 
this organism. 
De At the time Mackenzie’s paper was written his work on foul 
brood had been carried on for only about a year, and he appreciated 
the fact that his work was by no means complete. 
3. From the report of foundation manufacturers and from the 
results of his own investigations, he was inclined to believe that 
there is but little danger of infection from foundation made from 
wax taken from a foul-brood colony. 
4, He isolated Bacillus alver from the ovaries of three of the five 
queens examined, but believed that the findings of Cheshire with 
respect to the eggs need confirmation. 
5. He interpreted the finding of Bacillus alvei in the intestines of 
workers and queen as a fact worthy of consideration in the shaking 
treatment. 
6. He believed that drugs in the treatment of foul brood have a 
value in preventing the germination of the spores. 
