CHEYNE, AUGUST, 1885. 29 
should have been given to the apicultural world. In their absence, it is hardly pos- 
sible that we could have all been in the dark so long. 
Because of the important bearing which the work of Cheshire and 
Cheyne has upon the names of the two infectious bee diseases, and 
upon the names now applied to the bacteria found in the diseased 
larve, it might be well before taking up the work of Cheyne to con- 
sider these two men briefly and judge from the evidence at hand their 
relation to each other. 
Cheshire was a man who wrote considerably upon bees and bee 
keeping, being apparently more or less familiar with the habits, 
anatomy, and manipulation of bees. From his writings about the 
diseases of bees, however, one at once suspects that his experience in 
this line of apiculture was quite limited. His conception of the 
etiology of diseases in general was evidently very inaccurate. His 
bacteriological knowledge was wanting. Of this he was undoubtedly 
aware, as he later intrusted this part of the work to Cheyne, who was 
then working in a biological laboratory at South Kensington, London. 
Cheyne is a man who is familiar with the technique of disease inves- 
tigation. He was apparently, however, not familiar with the disease, 
foul brood, at the time he received the sample from Cheshire. This 
fact, however, does not discredit the actual work which Cheyne did. 
If this was the relation existing at that time between these two men, 
and if this is a correct interpretation of their knowledge, respectively, 
of foul brood, then it is not strange that Cheyne should have been 
slightly misled by the opinion of Cheshire on two very important 
points in his work. These two erroneous ideas which Cheyne evi- 
dently gleaned from Cheshire were, firstly, that foul brood was one 
disease, and secondly, that the disease had been produced by Cheshire 
experimentally by using pure cultures of Bacillus alver. 
CHEYNE, AuGUST, 1885. 
Cheyne in his contribution! records the first creditable work done on 
the microorganisms found in foul brood. One observes that Cheshire 
writes :? 
To-day [August 11, 1884] I have been with Mr. Watson Cheyne in the Biological 
Laboratory, South Kensington, and there we have started some experiments, of which 
more will have to be said hereafter * * *. 
And Cheyne begins his paper by writing: 
On August 11, 1884, Mr. Cheshire brought to me a piece of comb containing larvee 
affected with foul brood * * *, 
1Cheshire, Frank R., F. R. M.S8., F. L. S., and W. Watson Cheyne, M. B., F. R. C. S., August, 1885. 
The pathogenic history and history under cultivation of a new bacillus (B. alvei), the cause of a disease 
of the hive bee hitherto known as foul brood. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, Ser. II, Vol. V, 
Part 2, Plates X and XI, pp. 581-601. (For the portion written by Cheyne see also Report of the meet- 
ing of inspectors of apiaries, San Antonio, Tex., November 12, 1906. U.S. Department of Agriculture, 
Bureau of Entomology, Bulletin No. 70, June 17, 1907, pp. 28-35.) 
2Cheshire, Frank R., August 15, 1884. 1. ¢. 
