THE DIFFERENT DISEASES THAT ATTACK BEES. 93 
Malden reports that the disease had within the previous two years » 
spread from the Isle of Wight to the mainland (England). There 
seems to be evidence that the virulence of the disease is less than 
when first observed on the Isle of Wight. 
ZANDER, 1910. 
Zander in 1910 in a publication! gives a good brief review of the 
work that has been done on the cause of the brood diseases. The 
disease in which Streptococcus apis is found Zander refers to as 
“sauerbrut’’; the disease which he refers to as ‘‘faulbrut,”’ we call 
American foul brood; and we diagnose as European foul brood what 
he refers to as “ brutpest.”’ 
ZANDER, 1911. 
In 1911 Zander writes? of the diseases and enemies of the adult 
bees. The morphology, hfe history, and distribution of Nosema apis 
(p. 89) had been the subject of further study by him and in this pub- 
lication he gives the results of his work. 
A BRIEF CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY OF THE WORK ON THE 
CAUSES OF BEE DISEASES. 
THE DIFFERENT DISEASES THAT ATTACK BEES. 
That bees suffer from disease is recorded in the writings prior 
to the Christian era. It is not known, however, which diseases are 
referred to. 
Schirach (p. 13) in 1771 classified the diseases of bees. In his 
classification he mentions, among other diseases, dysentery and foul 
brood. 
Just when and by whom it was first recognized that foul brood was 
of two forms is not known. It would seem that Schirach, in 1771, 
observed that foul brood was not always the same. One finds that 
Leuckhart (p. 14) in 1860 and Molitor-Mthlfeld (p. 14) and Preuss 
(p. 15) in 1868, all indicated by their writings that they considered 
foul brood to be of more than one form. 
Dzierzon (p. 18), in his ‘‘ Rational Beekeeping”’ in 1882, describes 
two forms of foul brood. The descriptions of the two forms agree 
very closely with those of European foul brood and American foul 
brood. 
Cheshire (p. 19) began to write early in the year 1884 of two forms 
of foul brood, but before the close of the year he (p. 22) declared that 
there was only one form. 
1 Zander, Dr. Enoch, 1910. Die Faulbrut und ihre Bekimpfung. PartI. Handbuch der Bienen- 
kunde in Einzeldarstellungen. Mit 4 Tafeln und 8 Abbildungen nach Originalen des Verfassers. Pp. 31. 
2 Zander, Dr. Enoch, 1911. Krankheiten und Schadlinge der erwachsenen Bienen. PartII. Hand- 
buch der Bienenkunde in Einzeldarstellungen. Mit 8 Tafeln und 13 Abbildungen groésstenteils nach 
Originalen des Verfassers. Pp. 40. 
