speeds or movements, tracks In mud, dust, sand, snow; size of 

 tracks as related to age and sex; feces (scatology), shape, size, 

 color, composition, place of deposit, abundance; claw marks on 

 trees, logs, or ground; tooth marks on wood or bone; cropped vege- 

 tation; characteristic "kills" by carnivorous species; identifying 

 marks on birds* or reptiles* eggs disturbed by mammals; wallows, 

 dust baths, beds, forms, nests, shelters, runviays, holes, trails, 

 yards, "using" places; cropped or harvested vegetation. 



(2) Numbers — present and former numbers; methods of taking inventory; 

 counts on transects or unit areas; "surrounds," trap-night, live- 

 traps, standard-bait, and poisoning methods of making counts; 

 Judging numbers from records of individuals seen, or from enumera- 

 tion of tracks, feces per unit area, burrows, mounds, dens, nests, 

 vegetation or other materials consumed, or other evidences of 

 presence; fluctuations in numbers from year to year and causes of 

 fluctuations; adverse or favoring conditions, storm, drought, or 

 flood; effects of disease and other natural checks; manner and rate 

 of increase in numbers. 



B. Direct relations between mammals and man. 



(1) Effects on mammals of man*s activitier — increase or decrease in 



numbers due to man's occupation and invasion of new ranges, with 

 changes in habits, involving changed relations to human welfare; 

 effects on numbers, habits, and distribution of mammals of agri- 

 culture, railroad and bridge building and maintenance, dam building, 

 canalization, fencing, hunting, grazing, lumbering, plowing and 

 irrigating, drainage, forest fires, protection of certain species 

 of game or other mammals, killing pest species, as predatory carni-- 

 vores and rodents; -effects of captivity; effects of war; utilization 

 of game and fur species - present and former numbers; methods of 

 conservation, restoration, and management; outlook for mammalian 

 populations under present conditions of pressure frcan farming* 

 grazing, predatory-animal control, hunting; manner of handling 

 local legislation; hunting and trapping methods. 



(2) Undeveloped mammalian resources — flesh for food; fur or hides for 



clothing; other useful mammalian products; potential additional 

 game species of mammals; possibilities and difficulties of domes- 

 tication or semi-domestication or use of additional wild species. 



(3) Control of mammals — conditions under which mammals may become harmful; 



balance between harm done and possible benefits rendered by alleged 

 pests (value as objects of sport, producers of fur, as sources of 

 flesh for food, or as enemies of other species) ; rodents and other 

 mammals as buffers, that is, to feed flesh-eaters and divert atten- 

 tion from game; details of economic relations, including lists of 

 crops or products attacked, beneficial species preyed on, or of 

 native vegetation or trees damaged; definite data on extent of 

 damage done, conditions of damage; relation of damage to overgrazing 

 or other activities for which man is responsible; economic relations 



21 



