MAYER: COLOR AND COLOR-PATTERNS. 221 
Tables 17 and 19 show the color-variations affecting the “inner 
yellow ” and “ middle yellow” areas of the fore wing in Heliconius 
and Eueides. here is but little difference between the two tables, 
except that in 15 species of Heliconius the inner yellow is suffused 
with black or blue, while the middle yellow is never suffused by the 
outer black which surrounds it. Fig. 100, Plate 10, exhibits 
graphically the color-variation of these two areas, The “inner 
yellow” is represented as a full line, and the “middle yellow” as 
a dotted zig-zag. It is evident that here also the inner yellow is 
more variable in color than the middle yellow, for not only does the 
inner yellow area display two more colors, but its chart is a flatter 
zig-zag. 
(4) Variations of the « Middle Black” Mark of the Fore Wing. 
Table 4 shows the color-variation of the middle black mark (area 
IV in figures upon Plate 4). This marking lies along the extreme 
outer border of the central cell of the fore wing. It is small in area, 
but is rendered very conspicuous from the fact that it is situated be- 
tween the inner yellow and middle yellow markings. In spite of 
its small size, however, it is a remarkably permanent marking, for 
Table 4 shows that it is absent in only 20 out of 400 Danaoid Heli- 
conidae. In these 20 it has been obliterated by the fusion of the 
inner and middle yellow areas. It is worthy of note that in 12 
Ithomias it has become rufous in color. This change to rufous is 
the only color-change which the black areas of the wings ever 
display. 
Table 18 shows the variations of the middle black area for 
Heliconius and Eueides. 
(5) Variations of the “ Outer Yellow” Area of the Fore Wing. 
Table 6 shows the variations which affect the outer yellow area 
of the fore wings in the Danaoid Heliconidae. This area is marked 
VI in the figures upon Plate 4; it lies beyond the region of the 
middle yellow, but is usually more or less fused*with it. Table 6 is 
only approximately correct, owing to the difficulty in many cases of 
deciding whether the middle and outer yellow be really fused or not. 
It will be seen that in the genus Ithomia the middle and outer 
yellows are wholly fused in about 200 species. This is one of the 
marked characteristics of this very independent genus. 
Table 20 shows the color-variations of the outer yellow area in 
Heliconius and Eueides, This marking is present in 81 and absent 
in 48 of the Acraeoid group. It is much more widely separated 
from the middle yellow than is the case in the Danaoid group. 
