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MAYER: COLOR AND COLOR-PATTERNS. 211 
from an albinic sport of HI. sara. In I. galanthus (Fig. 63) 
the white areas have greatly increased in size, and the iridescent 
blue has become much lighter. In H. charitonius (Fig. 64) we 
find the wings crossed by yellow spots and bands, but in some speci- 
mens this yellow color exhibits a decidedly reddish tinge. The figure 
of TH. charitonius in Staudinger’s “Exotische Schmetterlinge ” illus- 
trates this peculiarity ; indeed, spots which are commonly yellow are 
often found red, and vice versa. In H, phyllis (Fig. 65) we find 
along the upper part of the diagram of the hind wing a yellow mark- 
ing, and a similarly shaped red mark is found in its near ally, H. 
thelxiope (Fig. 73, Plate 6). The same is also true of H. ricini 
(Fig. 66, Plate 5). 
H. erato (Figs, 67 and 68, Plate 5, and Fig. 60, Plate 4) is very 
remarkable, for there are no less than four distinct color-types 
exhibited by different individuals of this species; one of them (Fig. 
67) shows the basal half of the hind wing marked by six red tongues 
of color edged with iridescent blue, and there is a dark rufous 
suffusion upon some parts of the fore wing. In other specimens 
(Fig. 68) the red tongues of color which characterized the hind wing 
of Fig. 67 are almost absent, and only the blue iridescence is left ; 
also there is no rufous to be seen upon the fore wing. In another 
type the blue iridescence of the hind wing has become green, and in 
still other specimens the yellow stripes upon the fore wing have 
become white. 
As one looks over the diagrams upon Plates 5-8, it becomes evi- 
dent that yellow frequently changes to white, for we often find one 
or two species of a genus which exhibit white spots identical in shape 
and position with spots which are yellow in most of the others. Good 
examples of this are Hl. antiochus (Plate 5, Fig. 62), Melinaea 
parallelis and Ceratinia leucania (Plate 7, Figs. 82 and 83) ; likewise 
the white spot near the outer apex of the fore wing in II. eucrate 
(Plate 8, Fig. 91), which is yellow in many individuals. Yellow 
areas are also frequently changed to rufous or red ; thus the yellow 
basal half of the hind wing of H. eucrate (Plate 8, Fig. 91) is often 
found of a rufous tinge in individual specimens of the species, and 
among the specimens of this species in the Museum of Comparative 
Zodlogy one can trace a gradation of this area from bright yellow 
to rufous. 1. claudia (Plate 5, Fig. 69) is introduced in order to 
exhibit some of the differences between the “Sylvanus” group, to 
which it belongs, and the “ Antiochus” and “ Erato” groups. 
