12 GEOGRAPHY. 



I. Those of the Indian Ocean. Into the Persian Gulf empty the Euphrates 

 and the Tigris, ^vhich, by their union, constitute the Ghat-el-Arab, or the 

 Arabian River ; along the west coast of Hindostan empty the Indus, Nerbud- 

 da, and Tapti ; along the east coast of Hindostan empty the Kaweri, Krischna, 

 Godawery, and Mahanudy ; into the Bay of Bengal empties the Ganges, to 

 which is united the Brahmaputra, shortly before : the Irawaddy, the Thaluen, 

 and the Tanasserim. discharoje their waters alono; the western shores of Fur- 

 ther India. 



II. Into the Pacific Ocean there empty, along the eastern coast of Further 

 India, the Menam and Cambodja ; in China the Yantsekiang, or Blue River, 

 and the Hoangho, or Yellow River ; in Mandschurei, the Amur, arising 

 from the confluence of the Argun and the Schilka ; in Eastern Siberia the 

 Anadyr. 



III. Into the North Polar Sea, or Arctic Ocean, empty the Kolyma, Indi- 

 girska, Jana, Lena, Jenisei, and Ob. 



IV. Into the Black Sea empty the Kuban, Phasis (now called Rion), Halys 

 (Kisil-Irmak), Sangaris (Sakarja). 



V. Into the Sea of Marmora, the Granicus, important only in an historical 

 point of view. 



VI. Into the Mediterranean empty, on the west coast of Asia Minor, the 

 Scamander, Hermus, Caystrus, and the Meander ; on the south coast of Asia 

 Minor, the Cydnus ; and the Orontes, the Leontes, the Belus, and the Kison, 

 on the coast of Syria and Palestine. 



Numerous rivers empty into the inland seas, of Avhich latter, the Caspian, 

 640 miles long, and from 100 to 240 broad, is by far the largest. Along its 

 northern shore empty the Ural and the AYolga ; along the western coast the 

 Kuma, Terek, and Kur. Besides this there are discharged into the Aral Sea 

 the Gihon (Oxus) and the Sihon (Jaxartes) ; into the Dead Sea the Jordan, 

 Kedron, and Arnon. Other lakes are Baikal, Balkasch, Urmia, Wan, Zareh, 

 Lop, &c. 



Asia possesses numerous Islands^ the principal of which are distributed as 

 follows. 1. In the Indian Ocean: the Laccadives, the Maldives, the 

 Andamans, the Nicobar Islands, and the great island of Ceylon, of about 

 16,000 square miles, and containing a mountain, Adam's Mountain, 7420 

 feet high. 2. Between the Indian and Pacific Oceans : the great Isles of 

 Sunda, namely, Borneo, Sumatra, Celebes, and Java, together with the 

 lesser Isles of Sunda, and the Moluccas or Spice Islands. 3. In the Pacific 

 Ocean : the Philippines, of which Manilla or Luzon, and Mindanao, are the 

 largest ; the Chinese islands, among them Hainan and Formosa ; the 

 Japanese Islands, the largest of them Nipon and Jesso. The Kurile and 

 the Aleutian Islands between Asia and America. 4. In the Arctic Ocean : 

 Novaja Semlja, Spitzbergen, and New Siberia. 5. In the Mediterranean, not 

 far from the coast of Asia Minor, lie Cyprus, Rhodes, Chios, Samos, Lesbos, 

 Tenedos, (fee. 



The Isothermal Lines of Asia are given on her physical chart [pi. 4). 



One of these is morked , and is indicated as the equator 



of heat (Warmeiiquator) ; by this is to be understood that isothermal 

 12 



