34 GEOGRAPHY. 



Pyrenees, the Rhone, and the Mediterranean, whose western portion had 

 ah'eady been snatched from the west Goths, by Clovis, in 511. The strip 

 along the coast from the Pyrenees to the Rhone, with the capitals Car- 

 cassone and Narbonne, still, however, remained in their possession, subse- 

 quently falling into the hands of the Arabs. Shortly before his death, Pipin, 

 in 768, divided the kingdom betw-een his two sons, Carlmann and Charles 

 (the Great), the former receiving Neustria and Burgundy, the latter 

 Austrasia ; Aquitania was completely subjected, in 769, and divided 

 between the two. After the death of Carlmann, in 771, Charlemagne 

 reigned alone ; ultimately, however, he gave Aquitania to his son Louis I. 

 and Italy to his other son Pipin. By the death of Pipin in 810, his son 

 Bernard became ruler of Italy. This prince, in 774, conquered the entire 

 Longobardian kingdom of Italy, with its capital Pavia, and in 778, Pamplona 

 and a part of Northern Spain as far as the Ebro. In 785, the greater part 

 of Germany, namely Saxony and Bavaria, fell into his hands ; Hungary, as 

 far as the Theiss, followed in 796, and Brittany in 799 ; in 800 he was 

 crowned at Rome, Roman Emperor. In 804, the Saxons surrendered 

 themselves entirely, and the Eider was recognised as the northern boundary 

 of Bernard's dominions. Charlemagne died in 814 ; his son Louis the Pious 

 (814-840) in 817 divided the kingdom betw^een his sons Pipin (Aquitania), 

 Lothar (co-ruler and future superior), and Louis (Bavaria, Carinthia, and 

 Bohemia) ; his youngest son Charles the Bald, in 829, received Alemannia 

 and Rhaetia, in 837 Neustria, and after the death of Pipin, in 838, Aquitania 

 also. At the conference of Verdun, in 843, Charles the Bald received 

 West Franconia and the kingdom of France ; Lothar I. (from 820, king of 

 Italy, and emperor from 823) took the middle provinces, Lothringia, Elsace, 

 Upper and Lower Burgundy, w^hile Louis II. (the German) had East 

 Franconia, or the kingdom of Germany. Charles the Stout (882-884) 

 united all the states of the Carlovingian monarchy, but was deposed in 887 

 by the Germans. 



Europe at one time consisted of the following monarchies. The 

 Greek Empire, limited to the greater part of the present Turkey, Greece, 

 Asia Minor, a part of Lower Italy and Sicily. 2. The Bulgarian king- 

 dom, in what had previously been Lower Moesia. 3. The kingdom of the 

 Avari, much enfeebled by the attacks of Charlemagne subsequent to 791, 

 and in 807 entirely overthrown by the Bulgarians. 4. The kingdom of the 

 Chazari in Eastern Russia, much harassed in the ninth century by the 

 inroads of the Petschenigenes or Patzinacites, a Turkish tribe, and in 1016 

 entirely subjected by the united powder of the Russians and Greeks. 5. 

 The kingdom of the Slavi in Western Russia, Poland, Prussia, Bohemia. 

 Moravia, and Northern Germany as far as the Elbe. 6. The kingdom of 

 Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. In Sw^eden, the posterity of Sigurd II. 

 (794-824) ruled as kings in chief until 1060 ; King Harold Haarfager or 

 the Fair-haired (863-933) first in Norway, founded a separate kingdom. 

 Gorm the Old (855-936) is to be looked upon as the true founder of the 

 Danish government, although in the time of Charlemagne, Gottfried or 

 Gottrich, king of South Jutland, possessed considerable powder in Den- 

 34 



