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GEOGRAPHY. 37 



L.voniawere ruled, from the thirteenth century, by the German Order, 

 called into being by Duke Conrad of Masowia, in 1230, to fight against the 

 heathen Prussians; this Order, in 1237, became united with the Order of 

 the Brethren of the Sword, and in 1243-1247, conquered Courjand and 

 Semgallia. 



In Northern and Western Europe there existed the following govern- 

 ments : 1. The kingdom of Denmark. This attained the zenith of its power 

 under King Canute II. the Great (1016-1035) who was at once king of 

 Denmark, Norway (conquered 1031, lost 1036), and England (conquered in 

 1013 by his father, Sven), as also of Schleswig, ceded in 1035 by Conrad^ 

 11. Under Magnus I. the Good, king of Norway, Denmark became a 

 Norwegian province, but in 1044 Jarl Sven Magnus Estritson assumed the 

 royal title, and established a new dynasty, which ruled Denmark up to the 

 fifteenth century. Canute Laward, son of King Erik Eyegod, was, in 1115, 

 the first Duke of South Jutland or Schleswig. Waldimar I. the Great 

 conquered Riigen in 1168, Stettin and a part of Pomerania in 1173. King 

 Canute IV. (1182-1202) subjected the Princes of Mecklenburg and the 

 Duke of Pomerania, named himself king of Wenden, and in 1200 conquered 

 Holstein. 2. The kingdom of Norway, with its capital Drontheim (since 

 1019) ; with the exception of the period of Danish dominion under Canute 

 the Great, the race of Hakon ruled here up to 1319. 3. Kingdom of 

 Sweden. The Swedish Prince Olof II., Skaut-Konung (993-1024), no 

 longer called himself king of Upsala, the title which had been borne by his 

 predecessors since the fifth century, but king of Sweden. In 1060, the 

 dynasty of Yngling became extinct, from which time, up to 1127, the House 

 of Stenkil held the sceptre, and afterwards, up to 1250, the Houses of 

 Swerker and Bonde alternately. King Swerker, in 1137, united the whole 

 country into one monarchy. 4. In England, after Hardicanute (son of 

 Canute), Edward the Confessor (1041-1066), the last king of the Saxon 

 dynasty, held sway ; after him the Normans, under William the Conqueror, 

 came into power. Henry I. (1100-1134) united Normandy with England, 

 and thereby sowed the seed of perpetual war with France. The House of 

 Plantagenet reigned from the year 1154. Henry II., the first of the line, 

 acquired the dukedom of Brittany in 1169. In Scotland, which at that 

 time also embraced Cumberland, Westmoreland, and Northern Northum- 

 berland (up to 1157), Macbeth became king in 1040, after the murder of 

 Duncan, but in 1057 was replaced by Malcolm III., son of Duncan. 

 Malcolm IV. surrendered Cumberland and Westmoreland to England, in 

 1157, and William the Lion-Hearted of Scotland (1165-1214) was obliged 

 to yield up the whole country, although it soon seceded again. Ireland was 

 governed in part by the Danes, whose chief points were in Dublin, Wexford, 

 Waterford, and Limerick. In 1166, the English began the invasion of 

 Ireland, at that time divided among many rulers, and in 1172, Henry II. 

 took possession of the country in person. Nevertheless, the dominions 

 of the English extended only over the southern and south-eastern 

 parts of the island, together with a narrow strip of the north-east 

 coast, while the whole north and north-east, Ulster and Connaught^ 



37 ' 



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