38 GEOGRAPHY. 



remained under the native sway. About the middle of the eleventh 

 century, the Hebrides and neighboring islands withdrew from the Nor- 

 wegian rule, and were united into a kingdom of the Islands, or of Man 

 (Fingali king from 1066). 5. In France reigned the third dynasty of the 

 Capetians from the time of Hugo Capet (987-997). At that time the king 

 of France had little power over his more powerful subjects. The whole 

 western part of France, from the shores of the Channel to the Pyrenees, 

 Normandy, Brittany, Anjou, Touraine and Maine, Aquitania, with Auvergne 

 and Gascony, were either immediately, or as fiefs, in the power of the 

 English kings, whose French dominions were most extensive under Henry 

 .11. , far exceeding those in England. The south of France belonged partly 

 to Spain : the Count of Toulouse possessed Septimania, and the Tolousanian 

 Gau, but after 1067, Count Raymond of Barcelona, by the purchase of 

 Carcassone and Rasez, came into possession of part of his dominions. The 

 remnant of the great kingdom of Burgundy, in connexion with France, 

 formed a single dukedom. Robert, grandson of Hugo Capet, opened the 

 line of Dukes of Burgundy, who ruled on to the fifteenth century. The 

 royal dominion proper embraced only a part of the former dukedom of 

 France, the counties Clermont, Dreux, Paris, Corbeil, Orleans ; the vicomtes 

 Bourges, Etampes, and Melun ; the bishoprics of Noyon, Laon, and Beau- 

 vais. After the year 1200, Philip Augustus (1180-1223) became possessed 

 of Touraine, Maine, Anjou, Normandy, a great part of Poitou, also of the 

 couiities Artois, Vermandois, Alen^on, Amiens, Evreux, and Valois. His 

 son Louis VIII. acquired Niort, Rochelle, and Avignon ; while Louis IX., 

 son of Louis VJIL, obtained the dominions of the Counts of Toulouse, 

 Beziers, Carcassone, Bourbon, Boulogne, &c. Thus within these short 

 limits, the power of the French crown increased more than two-fold. 

 Provence came likewise into possession of the royal house, by the marriage 

 (in 1245) of the heiress Beatrice with Charles of Anjou, brother to 

 Louis IX. 



6. In Spain we find at this period the following great Christian powers : 

 Castile, Leon, Arragon, and Navarre, in addition to that of the Arabs. 

 Sancho the Great subjected all the Christian dominions in Spain, excepting 

 Leon and Barcelona, which he then divided amongst his four sons, into 

 Castile, Navarre (with biscaya and Alava), Arragon, and Sobrarbe. The 

 latter, in 1038, became attached to Arragon; as also Navarre, in 1076, this 

 remaining attached until 1134, when Garcias IV. was chosen king. One of 

 his successors, Sancho VII. the Wise (1194-1234), in 1200, lost Alava, 

 Biscaya, and Guipuzcoa, to Castile. In 1037, Leon likewise became united 

 to Castile, but Ferdinand I. of Castile, who inherited the throne, divided his 

 dominions in 1064 amongst his sons, thus giving rise to three kingdoms, 

 Castile, Leon with Asturia, and Galicia with Portugal. These, however, 

 became again united in 1073, under Alfonso VI. In 1084, Toledo was 

 snatched from the Moors, and converted into a royal possession ; this people 

 likewise lost all the land north of the Tagus (New Castile). After the 

 death of Alfonso VI. in 1109, Galicia, Leon, and Castile, fell to Alfonso I. 

 of Arragon, who married Urraca, daughter of Alfonso VI. After the 

 38 



