GEOGRAPHY. 39 



death of Alfonso I. in 1134, Alfonso VII., son of Urraca, by her mar- 

 riao-e with Count Raymond of Galicia, was recognised king of Galicia, 

 Leon, and Castile : he conquered the whole of La Mancha, as also 

 Calatrava, was crowned Emperor of Spain in 1135, at Leon, and 

 died in 1157. His dominions again became divided into the kingdoms of 

 Castile and Leon, this separation lasting until 1230, when Leon, after the 

 death of Alfonso IX., became permanently united to Castile. The Moors now 

 lost Cordova in 1236, Murcia in 1243, Jaen and its territory in 1246, Seville 

 in 1248, Xeres, Cadiz, Sidonia, &c., in 1256. The kingdom of Arragon, 

 separated in 1134 from Castile, was in 1137 united to Barcelona, whose 

 Count, Raymond, became king, as son-in-law of Ramiero II. king of 

 Arragon. This kingdom was enlarged by the acquisition of Tudela in 

 1114, Saragossa in 1115, Tortosa 1138, Lerida 1149, Majorca 1229, 

 Minorca 1233, and of the kingdom of Valencia in 1232-1245. The 

 Moorish part of the peninsula likewise fell into numerous principalities, the 

 most important of which were : 1, That of the Edrisides, Malaga, Algesiras, 

 Ceuta, and Tangiers, 1015-1086 ; 2, that of the Abadides in Seville, to 

 which were added Cordova in 1044, Malaga, Algesiras, Alicante, Murcia, 

 &c., in 1086 (1026-1094) ; 3, that of the Beni-Alaftas in Badajoz to 1094 ; 

 4, that of the Dilnunides in Toledo, 1036-1085, and later in Valencia, 

 1085-1092; 5, that of the Alamerides in Valencia, Cuen^a, &c., 1021-1085. 

 In addition to these, there was the territory of Saragossa ; subject to the 

 Emirs residing there, were the vicegerents of Lerida, Tortosa, Huesca, and 

 Tudela. All the Arabian kingdoms, except Saragossa, were, in 1097, 

 subject to the race of Almoraviden or Morabethun, from which they w^ere 

 wrested fifty years later, by the race of Almohaden. Nevertheless, one 

 province after another fell into the hands of the Christians, until there 

 remained to the Moors only the kingdom of Granada, established in 1238 al 

 Arjona, and the territory of Alicante. 7. Portugal was established as an 

 independent country by King Alfonso VI. of Castile, in 1094, for Couni 

 Henry of Burgundy, the husband of his natural daughter Theresa ; Alfonso 

 L, son of Henry, acquired Lisbon in 1147, Evora in 1166, and called himself 

 king, in 1139, after a great victory over the Arabians at Ourique. Alfonso 

 III,, who came into power in 1244, took Algarbia from the Arabians in 

 1250. 



The Crusades. Our limits permit us to present only a very brief outline 

 in reference to the geographical history of the Crusades. The first took 

 place in 1096, excited by the enthusiast, Peter of Amiens, sometimes called 

 Peter the Hermit. Under Peter, his friend Walter the Moneyless, the 

 priest Gottschalk, and Count Enrico of Leiningen, several hundred thousand 

 crusaders, principally from the Rhine country, collected together, and 

 marched through South Germany, Hungary, and Bulgaria, towards the 

 Greek empire (Alexius Comnenus, Emperor). Having lost fully half their 

 number by the attacks of the Hungarians and Bulgarians, the remnant was 

 sent across the Bosphorus into Asia, by Alexius. Here they entered the 

 dominions of Kilidsche Arslan, Sultan of Iconium, who nearly annihilatec 

 them at the battle of Nicsea, and in other contests. Subsequently appearec 



39 



